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Phylogeny & Classifi
VII. Phylogeny & Classification
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| dichotomous key | Tool to help identify an organism's scientific name |
| binomial nomenclature | Two-name naming system of classification |
| genus | The ______ is always capitalized in the scientific name |
| systematics (classification) | To put similar organisms in groups |
| taxa | The taxonomic name at any given level |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Developed the system of classifying and naming organisms |
| Genus species | Two naming system of organisms; example is Homo sapiens |
| 8 taxa | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| phylogeny | An organisms evolutionary history |
| clade | Group of species that includes ancestral species and all of its descendants - clades can be broken down into smaller clades |
| cladogram | Branching diagram which shows phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species |
| derived traits | characteristics that have evolved in a specific lineage and are different from the form found in the ancestor of that group |
| node | A divergence of two evolutionary lineages |
| DNA and protein sequences use | Best evidence used for classifying organisms |
| 3 domains | -bacteria -eukaryota -archaea |
| 5 or 6 Kingdoms? | Bacteria has been divided into 2 Kingdoms now b/c of Cell Wall structure |
| Characteristics of Bacteria | -prokaryotes -Prokaryotes with strong cell walls- often cause disease |
| Kingdom Archaebacteria | Prokaryotes that live in harsh areas like hot springs/swamps |
| peptidoglycan | carbohydrate structure found in the cell wall of Bacteria |
| cellulose | carbohydrate structure found in the cell wall of Plants |
| chitin | structure found in the cell wall of Fungi |
| endosymbiotic theory | proposes that some eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger cells and eventually formed a symbiotic relationship |
| symbiotes | organism that lives in a close relationship with another, typically larger, organism, called the host |
| prokaryotes | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| eukaryotes | organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| heterotrophs | group of organisms that obtain their energy by consuming other organisms |
| autotrophs | organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals |
| mitochondria | organelles, often called the "powerhouses of the cell," that generate the majority of the cell's energy. |
| chloroplasts | specialized organelle found in plant and algal cells, responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis |
| endocytosis | cellular process where a cell takes in material from its surroundings by engulfing it with its cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells |
| Virus | tiny infectious particle that can only reproduce by infecting a living cell (its host) |
| Kingdom Fungi | Uni/multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic matter |
| Kingdom Protista | Eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems and live in wet areas- "junk drawer" |
| Kingdom Plantae | Multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms |
| Kingdom Animalia | Multicellular heterotrophs |
| motile | organism has the capability to move under its own power |
| sessile | permanently attached and not free to move about |
| lysogenic cycle | reproductive cycle used by certain viruses, known as temperate viruses, to integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. |
| lytic cycle | process where a virus infects a host cell, replicates itself rapidly, and then destroys the host cell to release new viruses |
| hosts | organism that harbors another organism, either inside or on its surface, often in a symbiotic relationship |
| capsid | protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. |
| capsule | capsule is a polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall of bacteria |
| retrovirus | type of RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA |
| bacilli | genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria |
| cocci | spherical-shaped bacterium |
| spirilla | curved-shaped bacteria |
| conjugation | process of horizontal gene transfer where genetic material is directly exchanged between two cells, typically bacteria, through cell-to-cell contact; sexual reproduction |
| vaccine | biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease; viral |
| antibiotics | substances, often naturally produced by microorganisms, that inhibit or kill other microorganisms, particularly bacteria. |
| Domain Archaea | group of single-celled microorganisms that, while similar to bacteria, are distinct in their genetic and biochemical makeup |
| Domain Eukarya | organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex internal structures called organelles |
| Domain Bacteria | single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; presence of peptidoglycan |
| Homo sapiens | species that includes all living humans; " wise man" |
| taxonomy | The science of grouping and naming organisms |
| species | Smallest, most specific classification category |
| Division | Instead of referring to a phylum, in plants, the term ___ is used. |
| Bacteria are (unicellular/multicellular/both) | Unicellular |
| Protists are (unicellular/multicellular/both) | Both |
| Fungi are (unicellular/multicellular/both) | Both |
| Plants are (unicellular/multicellular/both) | Multicellular |
| Animals are (unicellular/multicellular/both) | Multicellular |
| The language used for naming organisms is | Latin |
| The scientific name of an organism must either be italicized OR | Underlined |
| Cladistics | Method of classification that uses the order in which organisms diverged from a common ancestor to understand relationships |
| Outgroup | Species/group of species that is known to have diverged before the lineage of a selected ingroup |
Created by:
MrsKim
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