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Genetics & Meiosis
V Genetics & Meiosis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homologous chromosomes | paired chromosomes that are similar in size, shape and the genes they contain |
| diploid (2N) | cell that has two sets of chromosomes (pairs) |
| haploid (1N) | cell that only has one set of chromosomes (not paired) |
| sexual reproduction | when two parents combine DNA to produce offspring (fertilization) |
| asexual reproduction | when one parent reproduces (offspring are genetically identical) |
| tetrad | another name for homologous chromosomes; four chromatids |
| crossing over | homologous pairs exchange segments of DNA |
| fertilization | occurs when two gametes combine to form a zygote; 1N + 1N = 2N |
| zygote | is produced when the gamete from one parent is combined with the gamete from the other parent |
| PMAT I/Meiosis I | Initial order of steps for sexual reproduction of gametes; Diploid to Haploid; Parent Cell to 2 Cells |
| PMAT II/Meiosis II | Next order of steps for sexual reproduction of gametes; Haploid to Haploid: 2 Cells to 4 Cells |
| gene linkage | tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis |
| genetics | The study of heredity and variations, focuses on genes, unifying discipline of biology |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, anaphase I or anaphase II |
| trait | study of heredity and variations, focuses on genes, unifying discipline of biology |
| hybrid | organism with dominant allele AND a recessive allele for a trait |
| gene | section of DNA that codes for one specific trait |
| allele | version of a gene |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of Modern Genetics, monk, 1822-1884, studied pea plants and came up with many laws of genetics, basically ignored till after his death |
| principle of dominance | when an individual carries two different versions (alleles) of a gene, one allele can mask the expression of the other, resulting in the observable trait (phenotype) being determined solely by the dominant allele |
| principle of segregation | gamete carries only one of each allele; Punnett Square model |
| principle of independent assortment | homologous pairs line up randomly before they are separated |
| gamete | special reproductive cell with one set of chromosomes (haploid) |
| probability | used to predict the likelihood of events |
| homozygous | two identical alleles |
| heterozygous | two different alleles |
| phenotype | outward appearance of an individual |
| genotype | specific allelic composition of an individual |
| Punnett square | Developed by Reginald Punnett to visualize genetic crosses |
| P generation | Parent generation |
| F1 generation | First filial generation |
| F2 generation | Second filial generation |
| Drosophila | Genus of fruit flies to study sex-linked traits |
| incomplete dominance | dominant allele does not influence the outcome of a trait in a heterozygous individual, polydactyly, phenotypes don't match genotypes |
| codominance | both alleles are evenly expressed in the heterozygous individual (blood type) |
| multiple alleles | the existence of more than two alternative forms of a gene at a specific locus within a population (blood type) |
| polygenic traits | characteristics influenced by multiple genes rather than just one (height, skin color, eye color) |
| genome | the entire set of genetic instructions for an organism, found in its DNA |
| karyotype | a picture of an individual's chromosomes, organized by size and number |
| sex chromosomes | a specific type of chromosome that determines the biological sex of an organism. I |
| autosomes | the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (X and Y) |
| sex-linked gene | found on one of the sex chromosomes |
| pedigree | A family tree that keeps track of a specific trait, used for studying inheritance in humans |
| sickle cell anemia | a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells become abnormally shaped like sickles (crescent moons). |
| malaria | a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract |
| Huntington’s disease | hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain |
| trisomy | genetic condition where an individual has three copies of a specific chromosome instead of the usual two copies. |
| monosomy | genetic condition where a cell or organism has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two in a diploid organism |
| Down’s syndrome | genetic condition where a person has an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 |
| Turner’s syndrome | genetic condition that affects females, characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | genetic condition that occurs when males are born with an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY chromosome pattern instead of the typical XY |
| monohybrid cross | studying only one characteristic in Punnett Square |
| dihybrid cross | a breeding experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits. |
| 9:3:3:1 ratio | phenotypic ratio of offspring expected from a heterozygous dihybrid cross |
| bioethics | the processing of thinking & discussing ISSUES OF RIGHT & WRONG |
| privacy | regulatory process that serves to selectively control access of external stimulation to one's self or the flow of information to others |
| GMOs | an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques |
| agriculture | use of biological techniques to improve plants, animals, and microorganisms for agricultural purposes |
| medicine | the use of biological systems and living organisms, or their components, to develop new or improved methods for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases |
| forensics | the application of biotechnology techniques to solve legal cases, primarily by analyzing biological evidence. This |
| economics | an economic system that utilizes biological resources and processes to produce goods and services. This |
| society | the use of living organisms, systems, or processes to create or modify products for specific purposes, often to improve human lives |
| biotechnology | the use of living organisms or biological systems to create products or processes that benefit humans |
| meiosis | reproduction that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells |
| advantage of sexual reproduction | genetic diversity |
| disadvantage of sexual reproduction | you have to find a mate, uses lots of energy and resources |
| disadvantage of asexual reproduction | no genetic variation (all offspring are identical to parents) |
Created by:
MrsKim
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