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DNA
IV DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis, Cell Division
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; double stranded polymer of repeating units of nucleotides; always in NUCLEUS |
| chromatin | Compact DNA fit in the nucleus during most of cell cycle such as interphase, raps around proteins called histones |
| chromatids | Before cell division, each chromosome is replicated (copied). Makes up pair of sister chromosomes |
| binary fission | Asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism to make two identical cells; found in prokaryotes, bacteria |
| cell cycle | The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. Consists of Interphase (mostly) and Mitosis/Cytokinesis |
| interphase | That portion of the cell cycle between cell divisions in which the cell grows, performs its required functions and duplicates DNA and important organelles in preparation for cell division |
| G1 phase | First phase of interphase in which the cell is growing and doing its job |
| S phase | Second phase of interphase in which DNA is replicated (to prepare for cell division) |
| G2 phase | Last phase of interphase in which cell organelles are duplicated in preparation for cell division |
| mitosis | Nucleus divides. Results in the formation of two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic information as the parent cell. Results in the production of two identical diploid cells. GROWTH & REPAIR |
| cytokinesis | Last step of cell division where the cytoplasm and cell membrane pinch in to form two daughter cells after nuclear division |
| centromere | The attachment site for the two sister chromatids. |
| prophase | The first division of Mitosis in which the chromosomes become visible. The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve |
| metaphase | The second stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | The third stage of mitosis in which the sister chromatids are separated and one of each is pulled to each end of the cell |
| telophase | The final stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to disperse, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes and the cell is ready for cytokinesis |
| transformation | A cell acquires or obtains new DNA or genetic material into its own, example is Griffith's mice |
| Griffith’s experiment | Griffith performed experiments on mice and bacterial strains. Discovered that bacteria have the ability to transform harmless cells into virulent ones |
| bacteriophage | Virus that infect and reproduce inside of the bacteria |
| Hershey-Chase experiment | Hershey and Chase tagged the protein coat and the DNA bacteriophages with radioisotopes to trace the path of the bacteriophage. Found DNA is genetic material |
| Chargaff’s rule | C=G and A=T so if there are 10% C and 10%G, then there are 40% A and 40%T to equal 100% bases in DNA |
| Franklin’s X-ray | Rosiland did X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA. Took a picture of the famous X to help identify DNA structure |
| double helix | Twisted ladder like structure, where nucleotides bond together of genetic information |
| Watson & Crick | Constructed model of DNA based on findings of other scientist |
| antiparallel | The sides of DNA- phosphate and sugar -do not go in the actually same direction on DNA, they are in opposite directions |
| hydrogen bonds | Weak bond found between nitrogenous bases; found on the steps of the DNA ladder structure |
| DNA polymerase | The enzyme that catalyzes the combining of DNA nucleotides into a DNA polymer during replication. It joins bases together |
| semi-conservative | Each DNA strand produced by replication has one old parental strand, and one newly formed strand. The limits mutations. |
| replication fork | Y shaped region where the double stranded region of DNA is separated into two single strands; it is where DNA replication starts as hydrogen bonds are broken by helicase |
| telomere | Protective caps at the end of chromosomes to protect the DNA code; they shorten during cell division |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid; single stranded; involved greatly in protein synthesis and gene regulation |
| ribose | 5C sugar found in RNA; makes up sides of ladder of RNA |
| deoxyribose | 5C sugar found in DNA; makes up sides of DNA ladder |
| mRNA | messenger; single stranded nucleotide polymer that is made by transcription from a segment of DNA know as gene; synthesis of a specific codon from reading DNA code. |
| rRNA | ribosomal; structure on the ribosome called active site where mRNA and tRNA join codon and anticodon complement bases |
| tRNA | transfer; transports the amino acids to the ribosomes for the process of translation. Carries the anticodon. |
| transcription | First of two processes that synthesizes protein in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme used in transcription to make mRNA from the DNA template code |
| plasmid | Small, circular DNA found in prokaryotes like bacteria; can be used for sexual reproduction (mutations) and biotechnology |
| promoters | DNA sequence that shows DNA polymerase where to START the process of transcription |
| introns | DNA code that is removed during transcription, non-coding DNA; 'filler' DNA |
| exons | DNA code that is kept during transcription, coding DNA, important DNA |
| amino acid | The monomer of a protein; the product of translation in the ribosome; what mRNA, the codon, is translated into |
| polypeptides | A chain linking many amino acids together by peptide bonds |
| genetic codon chart | Maps the 64 possible 3 nucleotide sequences (codons) found in mRNA to match to the amino acid or STOP signal |
| codon | A set of three nucleotides of mRNA. There are 64 different codons. These are translated into amino acids. |
| stop codons | 3 STOP signals in the Codon Chart to end translation- UGA, UAA, UAG |
| translation | Second of two process of making a protein from mRNA using tRNA at the ribosome; amino acids are linked by peptide bonds |
| anticodon | A triplet of nucleotides on tRNA. Each has a complimentary codon on mRNA. Correct alignment of these triplets is required for protein synthesis. |
| ribosome | Organelle for protein synthesis |
| “central dogma” | Flow of genetic information code from DNA to RNA to protein using transcription and translation. It only goes in one direction. |
| gene expression | How a segment of DNA code or GENE is turned "ON" to be made into a protein; regulation and signals make this happen |
| mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA; caused by errors in replication, mutagens, genetics |
| gene mutation | A change in the DNA sequence or DNA code that can alter gene expression or protein synthesis; affects single gene |
| chromosomal mutation | A change in the structure or number of chromosomes that can alter largely one's genetics; affects many genes |
| point mutation | A single nucleotide base is changed; usually not harmful |
| substitution | One base is changed, possibly affecting 1 amino acid |
| insertion | Add a base. Shifts entire DNA sequence from mutation point to the right |
| deletion | One base is removed from DNA sequence affecting all amino acids from that point on. Shifts entire DNA sequence from the mutation point to the left. |
| frameshift mutation | A nucleotide base is added or deleted causing the sequence of 3 bases to be disrupted and not "READ" the same during protein synthesis; it alters amino acid production and is harmful |
| duplication | A segment of nucleotide bases are copied, resulting in extra genetic information. The protein synthesis is altered. |
| inversion | A segment of nucleotide bases are broken off and reattached in the reverse order or flipped. This causes the protein synthesis to be changed. |
| translocation | Second of two process that synthesizes protein. Three steps of translation are, initiation, elongation, termination in the ribosome. |
| mutagen | A feature in the environment that can affect the ability of DNA to replicate properly and therefore allow cells to divide properly. It is known that both radiation and some chemicals are environmental mutagens. |
| sickle cell anemia | A mutation that causes red blood cells to be altered in shape to not carry oxygen well on the hemoglobin |
| polyploidy | A cell has more than two sets of complete chromosomes; example is 3N triploid for plant cells |
| Hox gene | Genes in animals that regulate where body parts grow and go in embryos from head to tail; used in gene expression |
| lac operon | Genes in bacteria that are used to be turned "on" or "off" to make lactase when needed to digest lactose |
| base-pairing rule | Each nitrogenous base only pair up and form hydrogen bonds in specific pairings. Adenine only pairs with thymine, cytosine only pairs with guanine. |
| DNA Replication | The process during which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. |
| DNA sequence or Genome | Refers to the sequence of bases in DNA. This sequence ultimately determines which amino acids will be incorporated into a protein at a ribosome during translation. |
| chromosomes | The genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next. Chromosomes are made up of DNA coiled around proteins. |
| Tetrad | Prior to meiosis, each chromosome is duplicated, therefore, when it pairs up with its homologous chromosome. |
| Homologous chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes, one from the male parent and one from th corresponding chromosome from the female parent. |
| Diploid | A cell that contains a set of homologous chromosomes--one from each parent. Somatic (body) cells are diploid. |
| Haploid | A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes--one from one parent but not both. Haploid cells are sex cells such as egg and sperm cells |
| centrioles | Cell organelles that help organize spindle fibers for the separation of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| Cancer | Results from the inability to control cell growth and division. Mitosis is not stopping and a tumor grows. |
| template strand | ORIGIANAL single strand of DNA used for replication |
Created by:
MrsKim
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