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Cell Energy
III Cell Energy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATP | The primary energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes; Adenosine triphosphate |
| phosphorylation | a cellular process that generates high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); add P to ADP |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains its nutritional requirements by consuming other living or dead organisms |
| autotroph | an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic sources like light (photosynthesis) or chemicals (chemosynthesis). Examples are plants or bacteria |
| photosynthesis | the process by which green plants, protists, and some other autotrophic bacteria use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment inside chloroplasts that converts light energy into a chemical form the plant can use; absorbs sunlight |
| thylakoids | each of several flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| stroma | the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast; it is where the Calvin Cycle occurs to make glucose |
| grana | stacks of thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts; it is where NADH and ATP are made |
| NADP+ | (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier; it takes H from water in the light reaction of photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis reaction equation | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| light-dependent reaction | the first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy and water is converted into chemical energy, specifically in the form of ATP and NADPH; occurs in thylakoids |
| light-independent reaction | the second stage of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose; occurs in stroma |
| photosystem II | First step in photosynthesis. PSII is located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Makes ATP from splitting water. Absorbs light at 680nm. |
| photosystem I | Second step in photosynthesis. PSI is located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Makes NADPH from H of water. Absorbs light at 700 nm. |
| electron transport chain of photosynthesis | series of protein complexes and other molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; Use H+ concentration gradient and ATP synthase to make ATP for Calvin cycle |
| ATP synthase | a membrane-bound enzyme that plays a vital role in cellular energy production of ATP; found in PS II of photosynthesis |
| hydrogen ion movement | the process where hydrogen ions move across a membrane, driven by a concentration or electrochemical gradient; comes from splitting of water in PSII in photosynthesis |
| Calvin cycle | light-independent reactions or dark reactions, to convert carbon dioxide into sugars; takes the products of the light reactions (ATP and NADPH) in photosynthesis; in stroma |
| C4 plants | plants in hot, dry environments change how they do photosynthesis in Calvin cycle, Example is corn |
| CAM plants | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism; opening their stomata (pores for CO2 gas exchange) at night such as desert; Example is cacti |
| C3 plants | (3-phosphoglycerate or 3-PGA) is the normal way to do photosynthesis to make glucose; common plants |
| calorie | a unit of energy measurement, specifically referring to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic process in living organisms by which oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate ATP energy. |
| cellular respiration reaction equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy |
| aerobic respiration | A metabolic process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP, occurring in the mitochondria. |
| anaerobic respiration | A metabolic process in which energy is generated from food molecules without using oxygen, occurring in cytoplasm. |
| cell energy cycle relationship | the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis; it is an interdependent relationship |
| glycolysis | a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate; occurs in cytoplasm for all organisms |
| NAD+ | A molecule involved in the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Joins to hydrogen ions. |
| pyruvic acid | a molecule that's produced during the breakdown of sugar (glucose) in a process called glycolysis |
| Krebs cycle | a series of chemical reactions that break down nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) to release energy in the mitochondria- matrix to make ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2 |
| matrix | the cytoplasm of the mitochondria; where the Krebs cycle occurs |
| inner & outer membrane/cristae of mitochondria | The cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane, making it more efficient at ATP production; oxygen is the final electron acceptor to make water; use ATP synthase |
| FAD+ | flavin adenine dinucleotide ; accepting "high energy" electrons; accepts two hydrogen ions in the Krebs cycle to take to the ETC to make ATP |
| ATP totals of cellular respiration | Glycolysis- 2 ATP; Krebs- 2 ATP; ETC- 32 to 34 ATP= 36-38 ATP/1 glucose molecule |
| fermentation | The chemical breakdown of pyruvic acid by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, occurs without oxygen, no ATP made |
| lactic acid fermentation | a metabolic process where glucose is broken down into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen; bacteria and muscle cells; makes NAD+ and no ATP ; used in sports such as sprinting |
| alcoholic fermentation | a metabolic process where microorganisms, particularly yeast, convert sugars (like glucose) into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen, no ATP made |
| mitochondria | Organelle responsible for generating energy (ATP) from glucose through cellular respiration |
| chloroplast | Organelle found in the cells of plants and algae that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; makes glucose |
| glucose | A simple sugar that serves as a primary fuel source for cellular respiration; product of photosynthesis |
| ADP | The product of ATP losing a phosphate group, it can be converted back to ATP. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions within a cell, including those related to energy; burning calories |
| ATP totals of fermentation | Glycolysis- 2 ATP; Fermentation- 0 ATP = 2 ATP/1 glucose molecule |
Created by:
MrsKim
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