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Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Adhesion The attraction between molecules of different substances; for example, water sticking to glass.
Amino Acid The building block of proteins; a small molecule made of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.
Carbohydrate A macromolecule made of sugars (monosaccharides) that provides energy and structural support; includes sugars, starches, and cellulose.
Cell The basic unit of life; the smallest structure that can carry out all life processes.
Chloroplast The organelle in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs, using sunlight to make food (glucose).
Cohesion The attraction between molecules of the same substance; for example, water molecules sticking to each other.
Eukaryote An organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Golgi Apparatus An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
Hydrogen Bond A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another molecule.
Lipid A macromolecule made mostly of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats, oils, and waxes; important for energy storage and making cell membranes.
Mitochondria The "powerhouse" of the cell; an organelle that converts chemical energy from food into usable energy (ATP).
Monomer A small molecule that can join together with other similar molecules to form a polymer.
Nucleic Acid A macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic information; includes DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide The building block of nucleic acids; made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleus The organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls its activities.
Organelle A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
Polymer A large molecule made of many monomers linked together.
Prokaryote A simple cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea.
Protein A macromolecule made of amino acids; performs many functions like enzymes, structure, transport, and communication.
Ribosomes Small structures that make proteins by linking amino acids together, following instructions from the cell’s DNA.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) An organelle covered with ribosomes where proteins are made and modified.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) An organelle without ribosomes that makes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.
Created by: tfinle
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