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Inheritance & Traits

NYS Biology Regents (NYSSLS)

TermDefinition
Mitosis The process of cellular division that allows organisms to grow. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, enabling multicellular organisms to increase in size.
Cell Division The process by which one cell divides to form two daughter cells. Cell division is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in all living organisms.
Cell Differentiation The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions. Cell differentiation transforms identical stem cells into diverse cell types like muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.
Daughter Cells The two cells produced when a parent cell divides by mitosis. Daughter cells inherit identical genetic material from their parent cell during normal cell division.
Genetic Material DNA and chromosomes that carry hereditary information. Genetic material passes traits from parents to offspring and controls cellular activities throughout life.
Chromosome Pair Two variants of each chromosome that cells contain. Chromosome pairs allow organisms to have backup copies of genetic information and create genetic diversity.
Cancer A condition that can result from abnormal cell division. Cancer develops when cells lose normal growth controls and divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.
Stem Cells Cells that can differentiate into various specialized cell types. Stem cells serve as a repair system for the body, potentially replacing damaged or worn-out tissues.
Fertilized Egg A single cell that begins the development of a multicellular organism. The fertilized egg contains genetic instructions from both parents that guide development of the entire organism.
Reproductive Systems Body systems that produce gametes and enable reproduction. Reproductive systems ensure the continuation of species by creating sex cells and supporting offspring development.
Gametes Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells). Gametes carry only half the genetic information of regular cells, so offspring receive genes from both parents.
Ovaries Female reproductive organs that produce egg cells. Ovaries release mature eggs during ovulation and produce hormones that regulate reproductive cycles.
Testes Male reproductive organs that produce sperm cells. Testes continuously produce millions of sperm cells and male hormones throughout adult life.
Internal Fertilization The process where sperm and egg unite inside the female body. Internal fertilization protects the developing embryo and increases the chances of successful reproduction.
Embryo An early stage of development after fertilization. The embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation to form basic body structures.
Fetus A later stage of prenatal development. The fetus continues growing and developing specialized organs until ready for birth.
Uterus The female reproductive organ where embryo and fetal development occurs. The uterus provides a protected environment with nutrients and oxygen for the developing offspring.
Placenta The organ that provides essential materials to the developing fetus. The placenta connects the mother's blood supply to the fetus, allowing exchange of nutrients and waste products.
Gene Expression The process by which genetic information is used to create proteins and traits. Gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors, allowing organisms to adapt to changing conditions.
Human Development The predictable pattern of growth and change from birth through aging. Human development follows stages that include infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
Chromosomes Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information. Chromosomes become visible during cell division when DNA condenses into compact, rod-like structures.
Coding Regions Parts of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins. Coding regions represent only a small percentage of total DNA but contain the blueprints for all cellular proteins.
Non-coding Regions Parts of DNA that do not code for proteins but may have regulatory or structural functions. Non-coding regions help control when and how genes are expressed in different cell types.
Gene Regulation The control of when and how genes are expressed in cells. Gene regulation allows the same DNA to produce different cell types by turning specific genes on or off.
Characteristic Traits Observable features or behaviors that are passed from parents to offspring. Characteristic traits like eye color and height result from the interaction of genetic factors and environmental influences.
Inherited Traits Characteristics passed from parents to offspring through genetic material. Inherited traits follow predictable patterns that can be studied using statistical analysis and probability.
Statistics Mathematical methods used to analyze and interpret data about trait variation. Statistics help scientists understand how traits are distributed in populations and predict inheritance patterns.
Probability The likelihood that a particular event or outcome will occur. Probability calculations help predict the chances of offspring inheriting specific combinations of traits.
Environmental Factors Non-genetic influences that can affect how traits are expressed. Environmental factors like nutrition and exercise can influence how genetic potential is realized in organisms.
Population A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Population studies reveal how traits vary among individuals and change over time.
Trait Distribution How frequently different versions of a trait appear in a population. Trait distribution often follows predictable statistical patterns that reflect underlying genetic mechanisms.
Genetic Factors Influences on traits that come from an organism's DNA. Genetic factors interact with environmental conditions to determine an organism's final characteristics.
Created by: PRO Teacher etucci
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