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Structure & Function

NYS Biology Regents (NYSSLS)

TermDefinition
DNA Molecules that contain genetic information in all cells, with genes as regions that contain instructions for protein formation. DNA contains the complete set of instructions needed to build and maintain an organism throughout its entire life.
Genes Regions in DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins. Each gene acts like a recipe that tells the cell exactly which protein to make and when to make it.
Proteins Molecules that carry out most of the work of cells, including enzymes, structural proteins, cell receptors, hormones, and antibodies. Proteins function as the molecular machines that perform nearly every essential task within living cells.
Transcription The process by which DNA code is copied to make proteins. During transcription, the cell creates a working copy of genetic instructions that can be transported from the nucleus to protein-making sites.
Translation The process by which the copied DNA code is used to synthesize proteins. Translation converts the genetic language of nucleotides into the functional language of amino acids that form proteins.
Enzymes Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and perform life functions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the energy required for reactions to occur.
Structural Proteins Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues. Structural proteins like collagen form the framework that gives strength and flexibility to skin, bones, and other tissues.
Cell Receptors Proteins that receive and respond to chemical signals. Cell receptors act like molecular antennae that detect hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules.
Hormones Proteins that act as chemical messengers in organisms. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to coordinate activities between different organs and body systems.
Antibodies Proteins that help defend the body against disease. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific foreign substances, marking them for destruction by the immune system.
Specialized Cells Cells that have specific structures and functions within organisms. Specialized cells like nerve cells have unique shapes and features that allow them to perform their particular roles efficiently.
Hierarchical Organization The arrangement of biological systems from simple to complex levels (cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism).
Multicellular Organisms Organisms composed of many cells working together. Multicellular organisms can grow larger and perform more complex functions than single-celled organisms because of cellular cooperation.
System A group of interacting parts that work together to perform a function. The digestive system includes multiple organs that work together to break down food and absorb nutrients.
Homeostasis The maintenance of stable internal conditions in living organisms. Homeostasis keeps body temperature, blood sugar, and other vital conditions within narrow ranges necessary for survival.
Feedback Mechanisms Processes that help maintain homeostasis by responding to changes in internal conditions. Feedback mechanisms automatically adjust physiological processes when conditions drift away from optimal levels.
Positive Feedback A feedback mechanism that encourages or amplifies what is happening in a living system. Positive feedback during childbirth increases contractions until delivery is complete, then the process stops.
Negative Feedback A feedback mechanism that discourages or reduces what is happening in a living system. Negative feedback regulates body temperature by triggering sweating when too hot and shivering when too cold.
Disease A failure of homeostasis in an organism. Disease occurs when normal regulatory mechanisms break down and the body cannot maintain healthy internal conditions.
Vaccinations Medical treatments that help prevent disease by stimulating immune responses. Vaccinations train the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens before actual infection occurs.
Antibiotics Substances that help treat bacterial infections and disease. Antibiotics work by disrupting essential processes in bacterial cells while leaving human cells unharmed.
Created by: PRO Teacher etucci
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