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Bio Exam Unit 10
History of earth, evidence for evolution, Darwin, natural selection, ect.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is spontaneous generation? | The hypothesis that non-living things can produce life |
| What is abiogenesis? | Life magically appears |
| What is Francesco Redi’s experiment? | He put raw meat in three jars that each had different coverings, then maggots (fly larvae) appeared only in open jar |
| What is the conclusion of Francesco Redi’s Experiment? | Meat cannot transform into flies. Only flies can produce more flies! |
| What is Louis Pasteur's experiment? | He took two flasks and boiled nutrient broth in each to sterilize it, then broke the glass neck off of one, left it on the other, so as dust particles carrying bacteria settle, the go straight into open flask, but get trapped by the curve in swan neck |
| What was the result of Louis Pasteur's experiment? | No growth in the swan neck flask |
| How many years ago did earth form? | 4.6 billion years ago |
| What was absent in the atmosphere of early earth ? | Oxygen |
| What was the source of energy for the first compounds? | Lightning |
| When lightning ripped apart inorganic gasses in early earth, what was created? | Organic compounds |
| What was the primordial soup? | Early ocean rich with organic compounds |
| What was Miller and Urey's experiment? | Recreated conditions of early earth: Methane, hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia (No O2), and lightning |
| What was the result of Miller and Urey's experiment? | After one week, they found amino acids |
| What were the 7 steps of life? | Small organic molecules appear, protocells evolve, prokaryotes (first organisms) evolve, photosynthetic prokaryotes evolve, aerobic prokaryotes evolve, eukaryotes evolve, multicellular organisms evolve |
| What were protocells? | Cell-like structure with phospholipid membrane with embedded proteins, and organic molecules inside |
| What were the first organisms to evolve? | Prokaryotes |
| When did prokaryotes evolve? | 3.5 billion years ago |
| Where did the first prokaryotes get energy? | Got energy from organic molecules |
| What is the endosymbiont theory? | Smaller prokaryotes were engulfed by larger cells and began to live together and eventually the prokaryotes evolved into organelles: chloroplast and mitochondria |
| When did multicellular organisms evolve? | 600 million years ago |
| What is relative dating? | Relative order of past events without determining their absolute age |
| What is the law of Superposition? | Older fossils/rocks are in bottom layers and younger fossils/rocks are in top layers |
| What is absolute dating? | Radioactive Decay of elements give us an age of fossils/rocks |
| What is a scientific theory? | Hypothesis that has been repeatedly confirmed over time by many different scientists (Can only be supported - not proven) |
| What is evolution? | Change in the heritable characteristics of a species over time |
| What must something be to get passed onto offspring? | Heritable (in DNA) |
| What is a species? | A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring |
| What is adaptation? | Specific structure, behavior or internal process that enables better survival in an environment |
| What are the 6 evidences for evolution? | Fossils, homologous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, genetic similarities, and direct observation |
| What are fossils? | Preserved remains of organisms that died long ago |
| How can something become fossilized? | Ice, sap, tar pits, and sedimentary rock |
| What are homologous structures? | Structures that are similar because they were present in a common ancestor (may or may not have the same function) |
| What are vestigial structures? | Structures that remain in organisms but have no obvious function (was useful in an ancestor, but no longer serves any purpose) |
| What are 3 examples of vestigial structure? | Pelvic bone in whales, leg bones in snakes, human appendix and tail bones |
| What is embryology? | Similarities during early development suggest a common ancestor |
| What do all embryos have in common? | Develops tail and gill-like structures (even though only fish keep them as adults |
| What are genetic similarities? | Compare DNA and protein sequences to identify which species are closely related (the more similar the DNA/protein, the more related the organisms are) |
| What were Lamarck's hypotheses'? | Organisms have an inborn urge to better themselves, theory of Use and Disuse, and theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (ALL ARE INCORRECT) |
| What was the theory of use and disuse and was it correct? | If you don’t use it, you lose it; proved to be incorrect |
| What was the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics? | Traits that you acquire during your lifetime can be passed to offspring and lead to change in the species over time; proved to be incorrect |
| Where did Darwin begin his studies? | The Galapagos Islands |
| What is descent with modification? | All living species came from species that lived before them |
| What is natural selection? | Those adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, while those not well suited do not survive or leave fewer offspring |
| What is the main reason for genetic variation? | Mutations |
| What is fitness? | Ability of an organism to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation |
| What is mimicry? | Adaptation in which 1 species resembles another to increase survival |
| What is camouflage? | Adaptation that helps a species blend into its environment |
| What is a gene pool? | All the genes (and all the alleles) present in a population |
| What is genetic equilibrium? | When the frequency of the alleles doesn’t change over time |
| What is gene flow? | When alleles are brought in and out of a population due to migration of individuals |
| What is genetic drift? | Changes due to random events (Especially common in small populations) |
| What is speciation? | Natural selection changes the gene pool and leads to evolution of new species over time |
| At what point has speciation occurred? | When 2 populations of a species changed so much they can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| In what 2 ways can speciation be caused? | Geographic isolation and reproductive isolation |
| What is geographic isolation? | Population is separated by a physical barrier |
| What is reproductive isolation? | Physical or behavioral changes prevent 2 populations from being able to breed |
| What is gradualism? | Occurs very slowly, but steadily |
| What is punctuated equilibrium? | Can occur rapidly |
| What is divergent evolution? | Species that once were similar or closely related become very different and more distinct |
| What is convergent evolution? | Organisms evolve to have similar traits but are NOT closely related |
| Why does convergent evolution occur? | Animals live in similar environments |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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