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Biology Review
English
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells. |
| DNA | Genetic material found in all living organisms. |
| abiotic | Non-living parts of an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight, temperature). |
| adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. |
| advantageous trait | A trait that increases an organism's fitness in a given environment. |
| allele | Different forms of a gene (e.g., dominant or recessive). |
| amino acid sequence | The order of amino acids in a protein; determines its structure and function. |
| anaerobic respiration | Energy production in cells without oxygen; less efficient than aerobic. |
| antibody | A protein produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. |
| biodiversity | The variety of life in an area, important for ecosystem stability. |
| biotic | Living components of an ecosystem. |
| carbohydrate | Organic molecule used for energy (sugars and starches). |
| carrying capacity | The maximum population size an environment can support. |
| causational evidence | Evidence that shows one factor directly causes a change in another. Example: Bacteria exposed to antibiotics die, showing the antibiotic causes bacterial death. |
| cell differentiation | The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. |
| cell receptor | A protein that receives signals and initiates a response. |
| cellular respiration | The process by which cells release energy from glucose. |
| chloroplast | Organelle in plants where photosynthesis takes place. |
| chromosome | A structure made of DNA that contains many genes. |
| circulatory system | Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. |
| climate change | Long-term changes in global temperature and weather patterns. |
| combustion | A chemical reaction that releases energy by burning carbon-based substances. |
| common ancestry | The idea that different species share a common evolutionary origin. |
| competition | Organisms fighting for the same limited resources. |
| correlational evidence | Evidence that shows a relationship between two variables, but not necessarily cause and effect. Example: Higher temperatures correlate with increased plant growth, but other factors may be involved. |
| cytoplasm | The fluid inside a cell that holds organelles. |
| decomposer | Organism that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients. |
| diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. |
| ecological succession | The natural process of change in an ecosystem over time. |
| ecosystem | A community of living and nonliving things interacting in an environment. |
| enzyme | Protein that speeds up chemical reactions. |
| eutrophication | Nutrient pollution that causes overgrowth of algae and depletes oxygen. |
| evidence | Scientific data used to support or refute a claim. |
| extinction | When all individuals of a species die out. |
| fossil record | Physical evidence of organisms from the past. |
| gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a protein. |
| genetic engineering | Direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA. |
| genetic variation | Differences in DNA among individuals in a population. |
| glucose | A sugar that is a major source of energy for cells. |
| homeostasis | The process of maintaining a stable internal environment. |
| hormone | Chemical messenger that regulates body activities. |
| immune response | The body’s defense against pathogens. |
| invasive species | A non-native species that spreads and disrupts an ecosystem. |
| meiosis | Cell division that produces gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes. |
| membrane | The boundary that controls what enters and exits a cell. |
| mitochondria | Organelle that performs cellular respiration to release energy. |
| mitosis | Cell division that creates two identical cells. |
| mutation | A permanent change in DNA that may affect an organism's traits. |
| natural selection | The process by which better-adapted organisms survive and reproduce more. |
| nucleus | The cell organelle that contains DNA. |
| nutrient uptake | Absorption of nutrients by cells or organisms. |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water across a membrane. |
| photosynthesis | Process plants use to make food using sunlight, CO2, and water. |
| pollution | Harmful substances added to the environment. |
| probability | The likelihood of an event occurring; used in genetics. |
| protein | Molecule made of amino acids that performs many body functions. |
| protein structure | The specific shape of a protein that determines its function. |
| reproduction | The biological process of producing offspring. |
| respiratory system | Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body. |
| sexual reproduction | Reproduction involving the combination of genetic material from two parents. |
| specialized cells | Cells that have a specific function within an organism. |
| stimuli | Changes in the environment that cause a response in an organism. |
| structural protein | Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues. |
| system | A group of parts that work together to perform a function. |
| trait | A characteristic determined by genes. |
| transcribed | The process where DNA is copied into RNA. |
| translated | The process where RNA is used to build a protein. |
| trophic level | A position in a food chain based on how energy is obtained. |
| urbanization | The growth of cities, often affecting ecosystems. |
| vacuole | Organelle that stores materials like water and nutrients. |
| variation | Differences among individuals of a species. |
| water delivery | Movement of water within organisms or ecosystems. |
Created by:
Ms. Torres
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