anaerobic respiration

A way cells make energy without using oxygen. It happens in some bacteria and during hard exercise when your muscles run low on oxygen.

The movement and reuse of materials like water, carbon, and nitrogen through living things and the environment.

The movement of energy through an ecosystem, starting from the sun to plants (producers) and then to animals (consumers) and decomposers.

pyramid of biomass/energy

A diagram that shows how much energy or living matter is available at each level of a food chain. The bottom has the most energy (plants), and the top has the least (top predators).

A step in a food chain or food web. For example, plants are at the first level, herbivores at the second, and carnivores at higher levels.

When something, like energy or matter, is not lost but changes form or moves to another part of the system.

Living organisms that use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food through photosynthesis.

Simple, plant-like organisms that live in water and also make their own food using sunlight.

A diagram that shows how different food chains in an ecosystem are connected, showing who eats whom.

When not all energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next—some is lost as heat or used for life processes.

The layer of gases that surrounds Earth, including the air we breathe.

The top layer of Earth where plants grow. It contains minerals, water, air, and living things like bacteria and worms.

Materials that are not needed or used by the body or an ecosystem, like carbon dioxide, heat, or leftover food.

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2-3&4: Ecosystems

Movement of matter and energy in ecosystems

Term	Definition
anaerobic respiration	A way cells make energy without using oxygen. It happens in some bacteria and during hard exercise when your muscles run low on oxygen.
cycling of matter	The movement and reuse of materials like water, carbon, and nitrogen through living things and the environment.
flow of energy	The movement of energy through an ecosystem, starting from the sun to plants (producers) and then to animals (consumers) and decomposers.
pyramid of biomass/energy	A diagram that shows how much energy or living matter is available at each level of a food chain. The bottom has the most energy (plants), and the top has the least (top predators).
trophic level	A step in a food chain or food web. For example, plants are at the first level, herbivores at the second, and carnivores at higher levels.
conserved	When something, like energy or matter, is not lost but changes form or moves to another part of the system.
plants	Living organisms that use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food through photosynthesis.
algae	Simple, plant-like organisms that live in water and also make their own food using sunlight.
food web	A diagram that shows how different food chains in an ecosystem are connected, showing who eats whom.
inefficiency	When not all energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next—some is lost as heat or used for life processes.
atmosphere	The layer of gases that surrounds Earth, including the air we breathe.
soil	The top layer of Earth where plants grow. It contains minerals, water, air, and living things like bacteria and worms.
waste	Materials that are not needed or used by the body or an ecosystem, like carbon dioxide, heat, or leftover food.

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