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Bio Exam Unit 8
Intro to genetics, human genetics, pedigrees, disorders, nondisjunction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are genetics? | Study of heredity, or how traits are passed from one generation to the next |
| Who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What did Mendel experiment with to discover the basic principals of heredity? | Pea plants |
| How many different traits of pea plants did Mendel experiment with? | 7 |
| What is P generation? | Parents |
| What is F1 generation? | 1st generation of offspring |
| What is F2 generation? | 2nd generation of offspring |
| What is each feature controlled by? | A gene |
| What does each gene control? | A trait |
| What are alleles? | Different forms of a gene |
| What are homozygous alleles? | have 2 of the same allele (Purebreds) |
| What are heterozygous alleles? | have 2 different alleles (hybrids) |
| What defines a dominant allele? | ALWAYS shown if present (Expressed when in presence of recessive allele) |
| What defines a recessive allele? | Hidden when with a dominant allele but expressed if homozygous |
| What is genotype? | Genetic makeup in letters |
| What is phenotype? | physical expression of a gene |
| What is Mendel's Law of Dominance? | For each trait, an organism inherits two copies (two alleles) of a gene – one from each parent (If two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the appearance and the recessive allele has no noticeable effect) |
| What is Mendel's Law of segregation? | Every individual has two alleles for each gene (The two alleles for the same trait separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes so that each egg or sperm gets only 1 of each allele) |
| What is Mendel's Law of independent assortment? | Genes for one trait inherited separately from genes of another trait (Based on how the homologous pairs line up during metaphase) |
| What is the purpose of a test cross? | To determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | Two traits are passed at the same time ( to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype) |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Neither allele in the pair is fully dominant (Heterozygote is a blend of the two trait; mix/intermediate) |
| What is an example of incomplete dominance? | Red flowers crossed with white flowers produce pink offspring |
| What is codominance? | Both alleles in the pair are dominant, so both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote (Heterozygote is a combo of both phenotypes of homozygotes) |
| What is an example of codominance? | Type AB blood |
| What disease is affiliated with codominance? | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| What is Polygenic Inheritance? | two or more genes work together to control a single trait (Trait shows a wide range of varieties or spectrum of phenotypes) |
| What is a sex-linked gene? | A gene located on either the X or the Y chromosome |
| What causes x-linked disorders? | Defective genes on X chromosome |
| Can fathers give an x-linked allele to their son? | No |
| What is an example of an environmental influence on allele? | Siamese cat coat color is dependant on the temperature |
| What is a pedigree? | Graphic representation of genetic inheritance |
| On a pedigree, what shape are females? | Circle |
| On a pedigree, what shape are males? | Square |
| What is autosomal? | Gene for trait is on an autosome (non-sex determining chromosome) |
| What is X-linked? | Gene for the trait is on the X chromosome |
| What is autosomal recessive? | Traits will only be shown when the offspring has two copies of the recessive |
| What are four autosomal recessive disorders? | Cystic fibrosis, albinism, Tay Sachs, and phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| What is cystic fibrosis? | Abnormal amounts of mucus in lungs and abnormal cilia (hairs) in lungs (Death by age 20) |
| Is cystic fibrosis recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal recessive |
| What is albinism? | Lack of pigmentation because of defective melanin production |
| Is albinism recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal recessive |
| What is Tay Sachs? | Absence of enzyme that breaks down lipids causing lipids to build up in brain causing brain damage (death by age 5) |
| Is Tay Sachs recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal recessive |
| What is PKU? | Absence of enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine so Phenylalanine builds up causing brain damage |
| How can PKU be treated? | With a diet |
| Is PKU recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal recessive |
| What is Huntington’s Disease? | Mutated huntingtin gene causing fatal degeneration of brain |
| When do symptoms of huntington's disease start to show? | Age 30-50 |
| Is Huntington’s Disease recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal dominant |
| What is Achondroplasia (Dwarfism)? | Mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene that affects bone growth |
| In dwarfism, what genotype does not survive? | DD |
| Is dwarfism recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Autosomal dominant |
| What is red-green colorblindness? | Defective red and green light receptors in eye |
| Is red-green colorblindness recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | x-linked |
| What is hemophilia? | Absence of blood clotting enzyme therefore blood doesn’t clot normally to stop bleeding |
| Is hemophilia recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | x-linked |
| What is Sickle Cell Anemia? | Red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle-shaped and carry less oxygen which slows blood flow/blocks blood vessels |
| Is Sickle Cell Anemia recessive, dominant, codominant, or x-linked? | Codominant |
| How can Sickle Cell Anemia be beneficial? | Sickle cell is a beneficial mutation to have in countries with malaria |
| Which chromosome pairs are the autosomes? | 1-22 |
| Which chromosome pair is the sex set? | 23 |
| What is a karyotype? | A collection of your chromosomes found in a single somatic, diploid cell |
| What is nondisjunction? | Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis |
| What is the result of nondisjunction? | Gametes end up with too many or too few chromosomes |
| What are the two types of autosomal disorders? | Trisomy and monosomy |
| What is a trisomy? | Having one extra chromosome in every one of your cells |
| What is a monosomy? | Having one less chromosome in every one of your cells |
| What is another name for Trisomy 21? | Down's syndrome |
| What is trisomy 21? | 3 copies of chromosome 21 (47 total) |
| What are the effects of trisomy 21? | Weak muscle tone, heart defects, learning disabilities, heavy slanted eyelids |
| What is Turner Syndrome? | Female with only one X chromosome, no secondary sex characteristics, and sterile |
| What is Triple X Syndrome? | Female with extra X (47 total chromosomes); normal, but may have motor delays, exaggerated female attributes, limited fertility- but able to produce normal XX and XY children |
| What is Klinefelter Syndrome? | Male with extra X chromosome, mixed secondary sex characteristics, and sterile |
| What is Jacob Syndrome? | Male with extra Y chromosome, tall and thin, severe acne, antisocial, aggressive, or learning disabilities, exaggerated male characteristics |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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