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Bio Exam Unit 6
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| What is DNA? | Genetic info, “instructions for life” for all cells |
| Where can DNA be found in eukaryotes? | Nucleus |
| Where can DNA be found in prokaryotes? | Cytoplasm |
| What does DNA give instructions for? | Make proteins and codes for traits |
| What is the structure of DNA? | One phosphate group, one sugar (deoxyribose), and one nitrogen base |
| What do linked together nucleotides form? | DNA |
| What are the four nitrogen bases? | Adenine, Guaine, Thymine, and Cytosine |
| What are the double ringed bases (purines)? | Adenine and Guanine |
| What are the single ringed bases (pyrimidines)? | Thymine and Cytosine |
| What did Erwin Chargaff discover? | A = T and C= G |
| What did Rosalind Franklin discover? | DNA is always a helix |
| What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover? | DNA is a double helix |
| What is the backbone of DNA made up of? | Repeating phosphates and sugars |
| What bond holds together the backbone of DNA? | Covalent bonds |
| What are the "steps" of DNA made up of? | Nitrogen base pairs |
| What bond holds together the steps of the DNA ladder? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What is found in EVERY cell? | DNA |
| What occurs before cell division? | DNA replication |
| What is DNA replication? | When DNA makes an exact copy of itself |
| Where does DNA replication occur? | The nucleus |
| What is the result of DNA replication? | 2 identical copies of the DNA |
| What are the 3 steps of DNA replication? | 1. Unzipping 2. New nucleotides are added to both sides of the original strand 3. 2 identical copies of DNA |
| What happens when DNA unzips (how does it happen - explain this step) | The enzyme helicase breaks apart the hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together |
| What rule is used when new nucleotides are being paired? | base pairing rule (Chargaff's law) |
| What is the result of DNA replication? | 2 identical copies of DNA - each with 1 original DNA strand and 1 new strand |
| What kind of replication is DNA replication | Semi-conservative replication |
| How many strands of DNA are in one "twisted ladder"? | 2 strands |
| What is a gene? | A small piece of DNA that codes for a protein |
| What do different proteins do? | Create different traits |
| What are the three processes to make a protein? | replication, transcription, translation (DNA to RNA to protein) |
| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic Acid |
| What is RNA | A single strand of nucleotides (looks like ½ of a DNA strand) |
| What base is replaced in RNA and what is it replaced with? | Thymine is replaced with Uracil |
| Which sugar is in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| Which sugar is in RNA | Ribose |
| Which bases are in RNA (just the letters) | A, U, G, C |
| Can DNA leave the nucleus? | No |
| Can RNA leave the nucleus? | Yes |
| What are the 3 forms of RNA? | Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (rRNA) |
| What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do? | Takes message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome (complementary sequence to DNA) |
| What does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do? | makes up ribosomes |
| What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do? | Carries specific amino acids to ribosome to make proteins |
| What is transcription? | Convert DNA into mRNA |
| Where does transcription take place? | Occurs in the nucleus |
| What are the 4 steps of transcription? | 1. DNA unzips at certain gene 2. RNA nucleotides bind with complementary bases on DNA 3. mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosome 4. DNA zips back up |
| What happens in translation? | Convert mRNA to protein |
| Where does translation occur? | The ribosome |
| With mRNA, how many bases are read at one time? | 3 bases at a time |
| What are three bases read together called? | A codon |
| What is another name for a codon | An amino acid |
| What does tRNA do in translation? | Carries amino acid to ribosome to make a protein |
| What are the 4 steps of translation? | 1. mRNA attaches to ribosome and is read 3 bases at a time 2. tRNA matches to codons on mRNA and brings corresponding amino acid 3. Ribosome (rRNA) links amino acids together with peptide bonds to build the protein (aka polypeptide) 4. Stop codon |
| What is a chain of linked amino acids called? | protein/Polypeptide |
| What is an anticodon? | 3 RNA bases that are complementary to the mRNA codon |
| What is a mutation? | Any change in the DNA sequence |
| Which mutations are heritable? | Mutations in gametes (sperm and egg) |
| Which mutations are not heritable? | Mutations in any non-gamete cells |
| What causes mutations? | Either mutagens or just by chance |
| What are two kinds of mutagens? | Radiation and chemicals |
| What are the two main kinds of gene mutations? | Point mutations and frameshift mutations |
| What is a point mutation? | change in a single base |
| How many amino acids does a point mutation affect? | 1 amino acid |
| What is one example of a point mutation? | Sickle cell anemia |
| What is a frameshift mutation? | Insertion or deletion of a base |
| What does frameshift mutation cause? | Causes a shift in the reading frame |
| How many amino acids are changed after a frameshift mutation? | All of them |
| What is one example of a frameshift mutation? | Tay Sachs Disease |
| Are all mutations bad? | No |
| What do chromosome mutations involve? | A change in the location of genes on chromosomes |
| What is insertion/deletion? | Gain or lose a portion of the chromosome |
| What is duplication? | Extra copy of a gene on a chromosome |
| What is inversion? | Segment of a chromosome is reversed (order of genes changed) |
| What is translocation? | Fragments from different chromosomes detach and added to other chromosome |
| What is cancer? | Uncontrolled cell division as a result of mutation in genes that control the cell cycle |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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