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Bio Exam Unit 3
Cell theory, cell organelles, cell specialization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the organization of life, what are the 5 units of life in order from smallest to largest? | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| Tissues | cells of the same type working together |
| Organs | multiple different tissue types working together |
| Organ systems | multiple organs working together to perform a larger task |
| What are the 3 multicellular organisms? | plants, animals, fungi |
| When were cells discovered? | 1665 |
| Who discovered cells? | Robert Hooke |
| What did van Leeuwenhoek discover? | First to describe living unicellular organisms and |
| What did van Leeuwenhoek observe? | pond water protists |
| What did Robert Brown discover? | observed spherical structure in cells/discovered the nucleus |
| What did Schleiden discover? | He discovered all plants have cells |
| What did Schwann discover? | He discovered all animals have cells |
| What did Virchow discover? | He discovered cell division |
| What is the cell theory? (3 parts) | 1. All living things are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells |
| How much can an electron microscope magnify? | 500,000x |
| What does an electron microscope observe? | Small organelles inside cells |
| What do both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have? | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, ribosomes |
| Characteristics of prokaryotes | simpler/older, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles, unicellular, ALL BACTERIA |
| What shape is DNA in prokaryotes? | round |
| Where can DNA be found in prokaryotes? | Free floating in the cytoplasm |
| Characteristics of prokaryotes | complex, larger, have membrane-bound organelles, |
| Where can DNA be found in Eukaryotes? | The nucleus |
| Why are eukaryotes larger than prokaryotes? | To allow cells to specialize (carry out metabolism, provide energy, transport energy throughout the cell) |
| Organelles | Membrane-bound structures that each have specific functions for cell survival ("tiny organs") |
| Where is the plasma membrane located? | Surrounds the cell |
| What does the plasma membrane do? | Maintains homeostasis by selective permeability (controls what gets in and out of the cell) |
| Where is the cell wall located? | Surrounds the cell membrane |
| Cell wall | Rigid outer structure for protection and support |
| What cells have a cell wall? | plants, fungi, protists and bacteria |
| Cytoplasm | The “gel-like” substance that holds organelles in place |
| Nucleus | Control center” of the cell |
| What are the 3 parts of the nucleus? | Chromatin, nuclear membrane, nucleolus |
| Chromatin | Strands of DNA |
| Nuclear membrane | controls what enters and exits nucleus (pass through pores) |
| Nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Where can ribosomes be found? | Found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Tunnels that produce and transport molecules in the cell-“Cell subway” |
| What are the two types of ER? | Rough ER and smooth ER |
| Rough ER | Has ribosomes and transports proteins to the golgi body |
| Smooth ER | No ribosomes and makes and transports lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Body) | Modifies, packages, and ships out proteins made at ER for storage or export from the cell |
| What does the golgi body look like? | A flattened stack of pancakes |
| Mitochondria | “Powerhouse” of the cell |
| Where does cellular respiration occur? | Mitochondria |
| What is the structure of a mitochondria? | Oval-shaped with inner folds – called cristae |
| Chloroplast | Site of photosynthesis |
| What cells contain chloroplasts? | Only in plants and some protists |
| What is the structure of a chloroplast? | Oval-shaped with stacks of “pennies” |
| Vacuoles | Fluid filled sac for storage Stores water, waste, food (proteins, carbs) |
| What size are vacuoles in plants and what is their special name? | Large in plants (central vacuole) |
| What size are vacuoles in animals and what is their special name? | Smaller and only seen in some animal cells |
| Contractile vacuole | Removes excess water |
| Where are contractile vacuoles found? (in what organisms?) | In freshwater protists |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles with digestive enzymes - Breaks down food molecules and other cell “trash” (clean up crew) (ONLY IN ANIMALS) |
| Centriole | Organize spindle fibers during cell division - ONLY IN ANIMALS |
| What is the cell structure of centriolez? | Barrel shaped, at right angles to each other |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein rods in cytoplasm- help maintain cell shape, allow cell to move, move organelles throughout the cell |
| What are the two types of motile structures? | Cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | Short hair-like projections from the cell membrane with sweeping motion that helps the cell move |
| Flagella | Long tail-like structure that propels the cell, helps the cell move -Usually 1 or 2 on a cell |
| Why is it advantageous to have folded membranes? | More SURFACE AREA for reactions to occur in a small space! (More room to make proteins, ATP, etc.) |
| Pseudopod | An extension of the cytoplasm that helps an Amoeba move |
| Eyespot | organelle that detects light |
| Cell Specialization (aka Differentiation) | Cells develop differently to perform specific tasks |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | Transport oxygen in blood |
| What happens inside of red blood cells? | Oxygen gets attached to hemoglobin protein inside red blood cells |
| What shape are red blood cells? | Round shaped disks (like a frisbee) |
| Do red blood cells have a nucleus? | No |
| What is the function of nerve cells? | Sends messages to/ from your body to/from your brain to process electrical impulses |
| What is the structure of nerve cells? | Long “tail” and lots of branches |
| What is the function of muscle cells? | Allow our bodies to move |
| What is the structure of muscle cells? | Long rod-shaped cells arranged in fibers to help with muscle contraction - Lots of mitochondria to provide energy! |
| What is the function of sperm cells? | Holds father’s genetic info for offspring – needed to fertilize the egg! |
| What is the structure of sperm? | Flagella, neck, and head |
| What is the function of egg cells? | Holds mom’s genetic info for the offspring |
| What is the structure of egg cells? | Large nucleus and lots of f cytoplasm |
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suiter.mayhew
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