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Diseases & Disorders
D & D Test 1: Chapters 1-5 and 12-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is disease? | An interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of the body. |
| Etiology | The cause of disease |
| Pathology | The study of disease |
| Physiology | The study of the function of the body |
| Pathogenesis | The sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from etiology to disease |
| Lesion | Pathological or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue |
| Signs | 'Observable' |
| Symptoms | 'Reported' |
| Complications | Adverse extensions of diseases occurs concurrently with a disease and will often aggravate it. |
| Sequelae | An abnormal condition resulting from (after) a previous disease. The disease is cured or in remission. Lesions or impairments caused by a disease |
| Acute | Relatively severe, but self limiting (i,e., cold or flu) |
| Chronic | Longer lasting, may be continuous or present with exacerbation and remission (i,e. diabetes, coronary artery disease) |
| Epidemiology | The study of disease in populations |
| Incidence | The number of new cases arising in a population during a specified time. |
| Prevalence | The number of people in a population who have a particular disease at a given point of time or period. |
| Morbidity | Functional effects characteristics of a disease |
| Mortality | Death-producing characteristics of a disease |
| Risk Factors | Conditions suspected of contributing to the development of a disease |
| Prognosis | Refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease |
| Prevention | . |
| Primary Prevention | Directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all rick factors. Ex. Immunizations |
| Secondary Prevention | Detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can affect a cure. Ex. Screening |
| Tertiary Prevention | Directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosis. |
| Diagnosis | The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. Involves a careful health history and physical examination |
| Infectious Disease | When an infectious organism (microorganism) invades the human body causing harmful and potentially lethal consequences |
| Host | Any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another. Most refers to humans. |
| Pathogen | A microorganism that is rarely found in the absence of disease |
| Opportunistic Pathogen | Normal flora or microorganisms that are capable of causing disease when health and immunity has been severely weakened by illness, famine, or medical therapy. |
| Prions | Protein. No RNA or DNA codes. Ex. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease |
| Viruses | No organized cell structure; Incapable of replication outside of a living cell; most do lyse and destroy cell, but not all; Some lay dormant inside cells and reemerge later under stimulation |
| Bacteria | Lack nucleus, contain DNA and RNA, reproduce by asexual simple cellular division, can rapidly divide and grow(colonize), and extremely adaptable to almost every environmental extreme on earth including humans |
| Fungi | Free living, found in every habitat on earth, few are capable of causing disease in humans, usually skin or subcutaneous tissue, can't take the heat. |
| Parasites | Take nutrients from the host; protozoa, helminths and arthropods |
| Portal of Entry | Penetration, Direct Contact, Ingestion, and Inhalation |
| Penetration | Disruption in integrity of skin or mucous membranes |
| Direct Contact | Direct contact with mucous membranes |
| Ingestion | Taken into the GI tract thru oral cavity |
| Inhalation | Breathed directly into lungs |
| Sources | Animal to Human, Human to Human, Congenital (Mother to Child), and Insect to Human |
| What signs and symptoms are displayed by the host during the course of the disease? | AKA Clinical picture and Disease presentation. Fever, Headache, GI upset, lethargy, diarrhea, rash, lesions, etc. |
| Incubation Period | The pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizable symptoms |
| Prodromal Period | Initial appearance of symptoms |
| Acute Period | The host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process |
| Convalescent Period | The containment of infection, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms |
| Resolution | The total elimination of a pathogen from the body without residual signs or symptoms |
| -itis | Inflammation of an anatomical location |
| -emia | Presence in the blood |
| Sepsis | Presence of microbial toxins in the blood |
| Abscess | Localized pocket of infection-- stalemate b/w bacteria and WBC |
| Toxins | Substances that alter or destroy normal cell or function |
| Receptor | Site where infections agent adheres |
| Inflammation | An automatic response to cell injury that neutralizes harmful agents and removes dead tissue |
| Signs of Inflammation | Swelling, redness, warmth, pain, and loss of function |
| Acute Inflammation | 2 Stages- Vascular and Cellular |
| Vascular | Prostaglandins and leukotrienes affect blood vessels causing vasodilation (redness and warmth results) and capillaries permeability (exudation, swelling and pain results) |
| Cellular | Involves the movement of white blood cells into the area of injury. Two types of WBCs: Granulocytes and Phagocytes. |
| Neutrophils | Involved in the destruction of pathogens |
| Eosinophils | Involved in allergic reactions, controls the release of specific chemical mediators |
| Basophils | Involved in producing the symptoms associated with allergic reactions, contains Histamine |
| Monocyte | Involved in engulfing foreign materials |
| Leukocyte Response | 1. Migration and Adhesion, 2. Emigration 3. Chemotaxis 4. Activation and Phagocytosis |
| Migration and Adhesion | The leukocyte accumulate along endothelial surface and begin to adhere to the vessel wall |
| Emigration | The leukocyte change shape and squeeze junctions into the extravascular space |
| Chemotaxis | Leukocytes migrate to the injured site by following a chemical signal |
| Activation and Phagocytosis | Leukocytes engulf and degrade the bacteria and cellular debris |
| Serous Exudation | Watery fluids, results from plasma entering the inflammatory site |
| Hemorrhagic Exudation | Occurs when there is severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is leakage of RBCs from the capillaries |
| Fibrinous Exudation | Contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick sticky meshwork, much like fibers of a blood clot |
| Membranous Exudation | Develops on mucous membrane surfaces and are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exidate |
| Purulent Exudation | Contains pus, which is composed of degraded WBC, proteins and tissue debris |
| Chronic Inflammation | Self perpetuating; May last for weeks, months or years; May develop from a recurrent or progressive acute inflammation |
| Tissue Regeneration | Involves the replacement of the injured tissue with cells of the same type leaving little evidence of the previous injury. |
| Fibrous Tissue Repair | Repair occurs by the replacement with connective tissue, a process that involves generation of granulation tissue and formation of scar tissues. |
| Phases of Wound Healing | Inflammatory Phase, Proliferative Phase, and Remodeling Phase |
| Inflammatory Phase | Begins at the time of injury and prepares the wound environment for healing. Includes hemostasis, and the vascular and cellular stages of inflammation |
| Proliferative Phase | Begins within 2 to 3 days of injury and may last as long as 3 weeks. Focuses on the building of new tissue. |
| Remodeling Phase | Begins 3 weeks after injury and can continue for 6 months or so; Continued remodeling of scar tissue. |
| Heat Production | Metabolism- body's main source of heat gain. Shivering and chattering of teeth can produce an increase in body temperature. |
| Heat Loss | Body loses heat thru: Radiation, Conduction, Convection, and Evaporation. |
| Radiation | Transfer of heat thru the air |
| Conduction | Transfer of heat from one molecule to another |
| Convection | Refers to heat transfer thru the circulation of air currents |
| Evaporation | Involves the use of body heat to convert water on the skin to water vapor |
| Fever | AKA Pyrexia. The elevation in body temperature due to the upward displacement of the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. Caused by a number of microorganisms and substances called pyrogen. |
| Stages of Fever | Prodrome, Chill, Flush, and Defervescence |
| Prodrome | Resetting of hypothalamic thermostatic set point to a higher level |
| Chill | Temperature-raising responses: Vasoconstriction, Shivering, Piloerection, and Increased metabolism |
| Flush and Defervescence | Temperature-reducing responses: Vasodilation, Sweating, and Increased ventilation |
| Immune system | A system for survival; defects the body against bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances it encounters |
| Immunity | The protection from infectious disease |
| Immune Response | The collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system |
| Innate Immunity | Always present, attacks non self microbes, does not distinguish b/w different microbes. Mechanisms include: epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and cell messenger molecules. |
| Adaptive Immunity | Attacks specific microbes (antigens), develops after exposure to the specific antigen. Mechanisms include humoral and cell-mediated immunity. |
| Humoral Immunity | Antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen |
| Cell-mediated Immunity | Phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen |
| Antigen | A substance that induces the formation of antibodies because it is recognized by the immune system as a threat |
| Lymphocytes | 25-35% of the blood leukocytes; 99% reside in the lymph; generated from stem cells in the bone marrow |
| B Lymphocytes (or B cells) | Mature in the bone marrow and is essential for humoral(or antibody mediated) immunity |
| T Lymphocytes (T cells) | Completes it maturation in the thymus and function in the peripheral tissues to produce cell-mediated immunity as well as aiding antibody production |
| Regulatory Cells | Assists in orchestrating and controlling the immune response |
| Effector Cells | Eliminate the antigen |
| IgG | Protects against bacteria, toxins and viruses in body fluid and activates the complement system |
| IgM | The first circulating imunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made in infants |
| IgA | Primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues. It prevents the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells |
| IgD | Serves as an antigen receptor for initiating the differentiation of B cells |
| IgE | Involved in inflammation, allergic responses and combating parasitic infections |
| Natural Killer Cells | An effector cell that is important in innate immunity that can kill tumor cells, virus-infected cells or intracellular microbes |
| Thymus | Located in the neck region above the heart. Function- generates mature T cells |
| Lymph Nodes | Small aggregates of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels thru out the body. Function- remove foreign material and serves as center for proliferation of immune cells |
| Spleen | Located high in the left abdominal cavity. Function- filters antigens from blood |
| Secondary Lymphoid Tissues | Located around membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, and urogential tracts. |
| Cytokines | Chemicals that control the immune response |
| Inflammatory mediators | Cause fever, attract WBCs to the infection |
| Growth factors | Cause WBCs to divide and mature |
| Cell communication molecules | Used to control activity of other WBCs |
| Active Immunity | Acquired thru immunizations or actually having a disease |
| Passive Immunity | Transferred from another source |
| Passive Natural | Antibodies transferred from mother to child |
| Passive Artificial | Direct injection of antibodies |
| Active Natural | Direct contact with pathogen |
| Active Artificial | Antigen introduced into body by vaccination |
| What is responsible for humoral immunity? | B cells |
| Primary immune response | Occurs when the antigen is first introduce into the body |
| Secondary immune response | Occurs on the second exposure to the antigen |
| What is responsible for cell-mediated immunity? | T cells |
| Hypersensitivity Disorders | Excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system; 4 types |
| Type I | Immediate hypersensitivity disorders, begin rapidly, antigen responsible for reaction is the allergen |
| Type II | Antibody-mediated disorders. Mediated by IgG or IgM, blood transfusion reactions, newborns with incompatible ABO or Rh, sometimes in drug reactions, cell destruction of lysis, and can be fatal |
| Type III | Immune complex-mediated disorders |
| Type IV | T cell-mediated disorders |
| Common allergens | Pollen, Dust mites, Animal dander, Foods, and Chemicals (medications) |
| Initial or early response | Vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contraction, occurs within 5 to 30 mins and subsides within 60 mins |
| Secondary or late-phase | Sets in about 2 to 8 hrs later and lasts for several days |
| Systemic type I effects | AKA anaphylactic, life threatening, widespread vasodilation, and airway constriction |
| Local type I effects | Atopic, Antigen exposure typically confined, common environmental allergen reaction |
| Autoimmune Diseases | Immune system can no longer distinguish self from non-self antigens, unknown etiology, more common in women than men, environmental factors could contribute, genetic susceptibility could increase incidence and severity of autoimmune diseases |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | AKA SLE. Chronic inflammatory condition, unknown etiology, development of autoantibodies, autoantibodies damage tissues, and can produce antibodies against RBCs |
| Clinical Manifestations of SLE | Affects many body systems: musculoskeletal, skin, cardiovascular, lungs, kidneys, CNS. Acute or insidious, exacerbations and remissions; arthralgia and artritis (early) and skin (butterfly rash) |
| How is AIDS transmitted? | Sexual contact, blood to blood contact, Infected mother to offspring, Transfusions of blood products, Needle sharing, Occupational HIV infection among healthcare workers is uncommon (needle-stick), Can be transmitted even when no symptoms are present |
Created by:
Futuredoctor09
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