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Term 3 Respiration
Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the respiratory system? | The organs that get oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide. |
| Name the main parts of the respiratory system. | Nose, trachea, lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli), intercostal muscles, and diaphragm. |
| What is the function of the nose? | To filter, moisten, and warm incoming air. |
| How does the nose filter air? | Fine hairs in the nose trap dust particles. |
| Why is the air moistened in the nose? | Mucus moistens air and traps bacteria carried on air currents. |
| How is air warmed in the nose? | By the body’s temperature as it passes through the nasal passages. |
| What is the trachea? | A tube made of C-shaped cartilage rings that carries air to the lungs. |
| Why does the trachea have C-shaped cartilage rings? | To keep the airway open while allowing the oesophagus to expand when swallowing. |
| What are the two main types of cells lining the trachea? | Mucus-secreting cells and ciliated epithelial cells. |
| What is the function of mucus-secreting cells? | They trap dust particles and bacteria. |
| What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells? | Their cilia move mucus upward to the throat to be swallowed. |
| What are the bronchi? | The two tubes that branch from the trachea and carry air into each lung. |
| What are bronchioles? | Smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli. |
| What are alveoli? | Tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. |
| What are the adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange? | Large surface area, thin and elastic walls, moist surface, and surrounded by blood capillaries. |
| What is the function of intercostal muscles? | To move the ribs during breathing. |
| How are ribs connected to the backbone? | By joints that allow slight movement. |
| What is the function of the diaphragm? | A sheet of muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities and helps in breathing. |
| Where is the diaphragm attached? | To the backbone and the lower ribs. |
| What happens during inhalation? | External intercostal muscles contract, ribs move up and out, diaphragm contracts and flattens, thoracic volume increases, air pressure decreases, and air enters the lungs. |
| What happens during exhalation? | External intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in, diaphragm relaxes and curves upward, thoracic volume decreases, pressure increases, and air is forced out. |
| In a breathing model, what does the Y-tube represent? | The trachea and bronchi. |
| In a breathing model, what does the bell jar represent? | The thoracic cavity. |
| In a breathing model, what do the balloons represent? | The lungs. |
| In a breathing model, what does the rubber sheet represent? | The diaphragm. |
| What happens when the rubber sheet is pulled downward? | Air pressure inside decreases and the balloons expand (inhalation). |
| What happens when the rubber sheet is pushed upward? | Air pressure increases and the balloons deflate (exhalation). |
| Where does gaseous exchange occur? | In the alveoli. |
| What is diffusion? | The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. |
| How does oxygen move during gas exchange? | Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries. |
| How does carbon dioxide move during gas exchange? | Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries into the alveoli. |
| What happens to oxygen in the blood? | It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. |
| Write the equation for oxyhaemoglobin formation. | Haemoglobin + oxygen → oxyhaemoglobin. |
| What happens to carbon dioxide in the blood? | It diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled. |
| How does oxygen reach body cells? | The heart pumps oxygenated blood through arteries and capillaries to body tissues. |
| What happens to oxyhaemoglobin at the body cells? | It breaks down into oxygen and haemoglobin; oxygen diffuses into cells. |
| What happens to carbon dioxide at body cells? | Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into blood capillaries and is carried back to the lungs. |
| What is the colour of oxygenated blood? | Bright red. |
| What is the colour of deoxygenated blood? | Dark red. |
| What is respiration? | The process in which food is oxidised in cells to release energy. |
| Where does cellular respiration take place? | In all living cells, both plants and animals. |
| Write the equation for aerobic respiration. | Glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water. |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Respiration that uses oxygen to release energy. |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Respiration that occurs without oxygen, as in some bacteria and yeast. |
| What are the reactants of respiration? | Glucose and oxygen. |
| What are the products of respiration? | Energy, carbon dioxide, and water. |
| Why do sperm cells require energy? | For movement (swimming) toward the egg. |
| What is the chemical formula of glucose? | C₆H₁₂O₆. |
| Why are respiration and combustion similar? | Both involve oxidation of fuel to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. |
| Name three processes that need energy from respiration. | Nerve impulse transmission, active transport, and cell division. |
| How does oxygen reach skeletal muscles? | By diffusion from alveoli into blood, carried by red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin to muscles. |
| How does glucose reach skeletal muscles? | It is absorbed from the small intestine into blood plasma and transported to muscles. |
| What are the main diseases of the respiratory system? | Asthma, smoker’s cough, bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and infant death. |
| What harmful substances are in cigarette smoke? | Nicotine, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, tar, and carcinogens. |
| What is the effect of nicotine? | It causes addiction and damages blood vessels. |
| What is the effect of carbon monoxide? | It reduces oxygen transport by combining with haemoglobin. |
| What is the effect of tar? | It blackens lungs, damages tissues, and reduces gas exchange efficiency. |
| What is a carcinogen? | A substance that can cause cancer. |
| What are the four main events of respiration? | Breathing, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. |
| What is breathing (ventilation)? | Moving air into and out of the lungs. |
| What is external respiration? | Exchange of gases between air in the lungs and blood. |
| What is gas transport by blood? | Transport of oxygen to body cells and return of carbon dioxide to lungs. |
| What is internal respiration? | Exchange of gases between blood and body cells. |
| What is cellular respiration? | Using oxygen in cells to release energy and produce carbon dioxide. |
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