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Gr10 Earth Sci Reg

13 Geo History

QuestionAnswer
relative dating the determination of the age of a rock or event in relation to the age of other rocks or events
absolute age the actual age, or date, in years when a geologic event occurred or a rock was formed
principle of superposition the relative dating of layered sedimentary (and some extrusive igneous) stating that the youngest rock layer is on the top and rock age increases with depth.
intrusion a mass of igneous rock formed when molten rock (magma) squeezes or melts into preexisting rocks and crystallizes. Examples: sills and dykes. It is younger than any rock it cuts through.
extrusion a mass of igneous rock formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (lava) on Earth's surface. Examples: a lava flow and a volcanic mountain. It is younger than any rocks under it.
inclusion a body of older rock within igneous rock; formed when pieces of rock surrounding liquid rock fall into the magma/lava but don't melt before the rock solidifies
cross-cutting relationships a principle of relative dating; when features such as igneous rocks (sills and dikes), veins, faults and joints cut across other rocks. These features are younger in age than the rocks they cut across.
correlation in geology, the process of showing that rocks or geologic events from different places are the same or similar age.
bedrock an area's mostly un-weathered rock beneath vegetation, soil other loose materials, and human-built structures. Also called local rock.
fossils any evidence of former life, either direct or indirect. Examples: bones, shells, footprints or organic compounds (such as DNA); The are usually found in sedimentary rocks.
index fossils a fossil used in correlation and relative dating of rocks; 1) must have lived for a short time AND 2) have been distributed over a large geographic area .
volcanic ash small pieces of extrusive igneous rock (sand-sized and clay-sized) that are shot into the air during a volcanic eruption.
geologic time scale a chronological model of the geologic history of Earth using the divisions of EONS (longest) , ERAS (next longest), PERIODS (shorter) and EPOCHS (shortest).
unconformity a buried, eroded surface causing a break, or gap, in the rock record
uniformity of process a concept that geologic processes happening today also occurred in the past; used to predict certain natural disasters based on data from past geologic processes.
examples of exceptions to principle of superposition deformed rocks and where there are igneous intrusions
isotope One of the varieties of an element, which all have the same atomic number and chemical properties, but differ in their atomic masses and physical properties; Examples: carbon isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14.
radioactive decay The natural spontaneous breakdown of the nucleus of unstable atoms into more stable atoms of the same or different elements, releasing energy and/or small subatomic particles; also called "nuclear decay."
uranium-238 A radioactive isotope of uranium with an atomic mass of 238 units and a half-life of 4.5 billion years; decays to lead-206.
half-life The time required for half of the atoms in a given mass of a radioactive isotope to decay, or change, to a different isotope.
radioactive dating The use of radioactive isotopes to determine the absolute age of rocks and geologic events.
carbon-14 dating The use of carbon-14 in dating rocks and organic remains of relatively recent origin.
species A group of organisms which are similar enough to be able to interbreed and produce fertile young.
organic evolution (theory of) States that life forms change over time; new species of organisms arise by gradual transitional changes from existing species.
outgassing The seeping out of gases from Earth's interior through cracks and volcanic eruptions to Earth's surface.
Created by: user-1770281
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