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Bio Exam Unit 12
Ecology, symbiosis, energy flow, food chains, cycles, population growth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | The study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Biotic Factors | Living or Once Living components of an organism’s environment |
| 5 examples of biotic factors | Living and Dead plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria |
| Abiotic Factors | Nonliving components of an organisms environment -Has Never Been Alive |
| 5 examples of abiotic factors | Wind, water, temperature, soil, sunlight |
| Organism | One individual (living thing) in an environment ex: one lion |
| Population | Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place and interbreed ex: all lions in an area |
| Community | All of the different populations in an area that interact with one another ex: all lions, hyenas, warthogs, baboons in an area |
| Ecosystem | All of the living things (biotic things) interacting with the abiotic factors in an area ex: populations and environment |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems around the planet with similar climates, plants, and animals |
| Biosphere | The part of Earth that sustains life (aka: the world in which we live) |
| Habitat | place where an organism lives Must provide food, water, shelter |
| Niche | The role or job a species has in its habitat |
| Community | a group of interacting populations |
| Competition | the fight for resources in the environment |
| What might animals compete over? | Food, mates, shelter, etc. |
| Predator | the animal that hunts |
| Prey | the animal that is hunted |
| Predator-Prey relationship | The predator kills and eats the prey |
| Symbiosis | Close association between two organisms of different species that live together |
| What are the three types of symbiosis? | Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism |
| Mutualism | Relationship in which both organisms benefit |
| Two examples of mutualism | 1. Birds eating ticks off of deer 2. Bees pollinating flowers and getting nectar in return |
| Commensalism | One organism benefits, and the other is not affected |
| Two examples of commensalism | 1. Spanish moss/tree 2. Whale/barnacle |
| Parasitism | One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
| 5 examples of parasitism | Ticks, tapeworms, tree fungus, fleas, diseases |
| Main Source of Energy in Most Ecosystems | the Sun |
| Autotrophs/Producers | “self feeders”/Photosynthesis |
| Equation for photosynthesis | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
| 4 examples of autotrophs | Plants, algae, phytoplankton (oceans), bacteria |
| Chemosynthesis | Use inorganic substances (chemicals) to make food |
| Chemosynthesis energy sources (4) | hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur, iron oxides |
| 3 examples of chemosynthesis | Bacteria in deep sea vents, swamps, and tidal marshes and deep sea worms |
| Consumers (aka heterotrophs) | “other feeders” Eat other organisms for food |
| 3 examples of heterotrophs | Animals, fungi, many bacteria |
| What are the three types of consumers? | Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores |
| Herbivores | eat ONLY plants |
| 3 examples of herbivores | Cows, Elephants, Giraffes |
| Carnivores | eat ONLY animals |
| 3 examples of carnivores | Lions, Tigers, Sharks |
| Omnivores | eat BOTH plants and animals |
| 2 examples of omnivores | Bears and Humans |
| Decomposers | breaks down and absorbs any dead organisms or waste- bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment |
| Two examples of decomposers | Bacteria and Mushrooms (all fungi) |
| Scavengers | feed on dead plants and animals |
| Three examples of scavengers | Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp |
| trophic level | Each step in the transfer of energy |
| Each step in the transfer of energy | Producers |
| 2nd Trophic Level | Primary Consumers |
| 3rd Trophic Level | Secondary Consumers |
| 4th Trophic Level | Tertiary Consumers |
| food web | describes all of the possible feeding relationships in an ecosystem |
| Ecological pyramids | describe the relative amounts of energy or matter at each trophic level |
| 10% law | ONLY 10% of energy is transferred up to each level of the food chain |
| How much energy is lost? | 90% |
| What happens to the other 90% of the energy? | Inedible materials, Excretion, Heat, Metabolism |
| Biomass Pyramid | Shows total dry weight of all organisms in that trophic level |
| Biomagnification | Toxins accumulate and become more concentrated in body (fat) tissue as they move up the food chain |
| What things bioaccumulate? | Heavy metals: Lead, Mercury Pesticides/Chemicals: DDT, Microplastics |
| DDT | a pesticide sprayed on land and crops (enters streams through runoff) |
| What happened to eggs of eagles that ingested DDT? | They cracked |
| Factors that increase population growth | # of Births and individuals entering (immigration) |
| Factors that decrease population growth | # of Deaths and # of individuals leaving (emigration) |
| Exponential growth | Given enough food, water, sunlight and space, a population will grow uncontrollably- Occurs when conditions are ideal- There are unlimited resources!!! |
| What curve does exponential growth have | Makes a J-shaped curve |
| Limiting factors | cause a population to stop increasing |
| Density | the number of individuals per unit area (how crowded it is) |
| Density dependent factors | things that slow population growth as the population density/size increases. NUMBERS MATTER! |
| 3 examples of density dependent factors | Disease, competition for resources, and predation |
| Density independent factors | factors that affect all populations regardless of density. Numbers don’t matter! |
| 4 examples of density independent factors | Temperature, Weather (floods, droughts), Natural disasters, Human activities |
| carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals in a population that an environment has resources to support |
| Logistic Growth | Occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops as it nears its carrying capacity - set by limiting factors |
| What curve does logistic growth have? | s-curve |
| Lag Phase | Few starting members have offspring - The population increases slowly |
| 4 stages of logistic growth | Lag Phase (beginning growth), Exponential Growth, Leveling Off, Plateau |
| Rapid Life History | Organisms found in unpredictable environments |
| What curve does rapid life history have? | J-shape curve |
| Slow Life History | Organisms in stable environments |
| What curve does slow life history have? | What curve does rapid life history have? |
| Economically developed countries | able to meet the needs for resources and are established |
| Undeveloped industry countries | Low levels of education, healthcare, life expectancy |
| Carbon cycle | Driven by photosynthesis & cellular respiration |
| Cellular Respiration | break down glucose to make energy, and CO2 released as waste |
| How CO2 removed from atmosphere? | Plants use CO2 in photosynthesis |
| How CO2 returned to atmosphere? | Cellular respiration (plants & animals), When organisms die, decomposers break them down, Burning of fossil fuels |
| Why does the cutting of trees lead to increased CO2 levels? | Less CO2 used in photosynthesis |
| Increased CO2 in atmosphere leads to heat trapped in atmosphere. What is this called? | Global warming/greenhouse effect |
| Why do we need nitrogen? | To make PROTEINS and NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil can turn N2 into a form our bodies can use: nitrates |
| Assimilation | Plants absorb the nitrates from the soil and use them |
| What do nodules on the roots of plants contain? | nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
| Nitrification | Bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite to nitrate |
| Denitrification | Bacteria convert nitrates in soil back into N2 for atmosphere |
| Where does everything we use come from? | Natural resources |
| What is habitat fragmentation? | Development that splits ecosystems into pieces |
| What is the ozone destroyed by? | Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
| What is eutrophication? | Fertilizer gets into water and kills the animals and plants that live in it |
| What is Pfiesteria? | Cause toxic, harmful algal blooms – ulcers/dead fish Results from increased nutrient levels in water (pollution) |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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