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Gr10 Earth Sci Reg
12 EARTH'S DYNAMIC CRUST & INTERIOR
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| original horizontality | a concept that assumes that sedimentary rocks and extrusive igneous rocks (lava flows) form in horizontal layers parallel to the Earth's surface |
| strata | the layers of sedimentary rocks or rock beds (and extrusive igneous rocks) |
| evidence of crustal movement | when strata are found in positions other than horizontal; |
| deformed layers | strata (rock layers) that no longer show their original horizontality |
| types of DEFORMED rock layers | folded, titled, faulted |
| folded rock layers | bent or curved |
| titled rock layers | slanted or tipped |
| faulted rock layers | offset or displaced along a type of crack called a fault |
| a fault | a crack in a mass of rock along which there has been displacement, shifting or movement of the rock on each side of the crack |
| a fossil | any evidence of former life |
| uplifted | when land has been raised up |
| earthquake | a natural rapid shaking of the lithosphere caused by the release of energy stored in rocks |
| lithosphere | the solid, rocky part of Earth (crust & upper mantle) that forms the continents and ocean floors; it is divided into large, moving plates called tectonic plates |
| seismic waves | earthquake waves; the potential energy stored in rocks given off during an earthquake. [P-waves, S-waves, surface waves] |
| focus | where an earthquake starts; emits seismic waves |
| epicenter | the location on Earth's surface directly above the focus |
| P-waves | primary waves; cause the particles they travel through to vibrate IN THE DIRECTION the waves are moving |
| S-waves | secondary waves; cause the particles they travel through to vibrate AT RIGHT ANGLES to the direction the waves are moving |
| surface waves | produced when a P-wave or S-wave comes to Earth's surface. Cause surface shaking and the damage of an earthquake. |
| tsunami | seismic sea waves; a large wavelength ocean wave produced by disruption of the ocean floor |
| volcano | a mountain composed of extrusive igneous rocks |
| volcanic eruption | when gases, lava and/or lava rock are forcefully released onto Earth's surface or into the atmosphere through the opening or vent of a volcano |
| crust | the outermost part of Earth below the atmosphere; made up of solid rock, soil and eroded and weathered rock deposits |
| mantle | below the crust; the thickest zone, mostly solid. Contains 80% of the Earth's volume |
| Moho | thin interface between the crust and the mantle |
| lithosphere | made of the Crust and Rigid Mantle (upper mantle); divided into sections called "plates" (the tectonic plates) |
| asthenosphere | zone below the lithosphere; another part of the upper mantle. It is a plastic-like portion of the upper mantle that is partly molten |
| movement of plates | the asthenosphere allows the plates of the lithosphere to move around Earth's surface and to move up and down |
| stiffer mantle | zone below the asthenosphere; makes up the majority of the mantle |
| core | the zone beneath mantle; divided into inner core and outer core |
| outer core | the zone below the mantle; it is LIQUID. No S-waves pass through it (so it can't be solid) and it has too much pressure (so it can't be a gas); and there is a drop in P-wave velocity. |
| inner core | the zone below the outer core that extends down to the Earth's center; it is SOLID. It has an increase in P-wave velocity and a great deal of pressure. |
| continental crust | the part of the Earth's crust that makes up the continents and larger islands. |
| oceanic crust | the part of the Earth's crust that makes up most of the crust beneath the oceans |
| plate tectonic theory | the concept that Earth's lithosphere is broken up into sections or pieces called plates |
| plates / lithospheric plates / tectonic plates | sections of the Earth's lithosphere that move a few centimeters per year; their movement and interaction produce major changes in Earth's surface |
| plate movement | plates move around and up and down because they float on the asthenosphere, the plastic-like layer of the mantle |
| divergent plate boundary | the boundary where two plates separate, or diverge |
| mid-ocean range | a basaltic mountain range at the bottom of the ocean composed mostly of volcanoes and lava flows |
| convergent plate boundary | the result when two plates collide, or converge |
| subduction | process when two plates converge and the denser of the two plates sinks under the other plate |
| ocean trench | a long, steep, and narrow depression formed when a subducting plate bends down and warps the crust |
| island arc | a series of volcanoes and volcanic islands formed when magma breaks through Earth's solid surface |
| down-warped ocean basin | a site of deposition of sediments; formed when the crust at the margin of a continent is bent down from subduction |
| young mountains | new mountain ranges formed from magma; formed when a plate with oceanic crust converges with a plate with continental curst. The denser ocean crust subducts under the continental |
| transform plate boundary | the boundary formed when two plates collide by sliding past each other |
| hot spots | major regions of volcanic activity in the interior of plates, away from plate boundaries. Ex: the big island of Hawaii and Yellowstone National Park. |
| oceanic crust | the Earth's crust that forms the seafloor; it is denser and thinner than the continental crust. |
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