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Gr10 Earth Sci Reg
11 EARTH MATERIALS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition |
| inorganic | not made by or composed of life forms (Note: fossil fuels or a pearl from an oyster are NOT minerals) |
| crystal structure | arrangement of atoms in a crystalline structure. Each mineral has its own distinctive crystal structure. It can be identified accurately through X-rays. |
| lithosphere | Earth's solid surface |
| Halite | mineral with the formula NaCL (sodium chloride). It is the mineral of rock salt and common table salt. |
| what are rocks composed of ? | A large portion of rocks are composed of minerals; others are composed of organic or glassy materials - that are not minerals. |
| rock-forming minerals | the 20 to 30 common minerals found in rocks |
| What are the 6 properties of minerals? | Color, Streak, Luster, Hardness, Density, Cleavage |
| Color of a mineral | color of a mineral - many minerals have the same color; color of minerals can vary due to impurities |
| Streak | the color of finely CRUSHED RESIDUE or power of a mineral. The streak of a mineral is consistent; it's a better way to identify minerals than color. |
| Luster | the SHINE from an un-weathered mineral's surface; the way a mineral looks in reflected light. |
| what are metallic luster minerals | shine like the surface of a clean stainless steel pot; examples: pyrite and galena |
| what are non-metallic luster minerals | most minerals have non-metallic luster; examples: glassy luster of black hornblende, clear quartz "rhinestone", pearly luster of mica. |
| Hardness | the resistance a mineral has to being scratched; scratch-ability. Diamond is the hardest mineral. |
| Mohs hardness scale | Ranges from the softest #1 (talc) to the hardest #10 (diamond); comparison to Absolute hardness scale. |
| Density | mineral density is stated as "specific gravity" - the density of a mineral compared to the density of water. |
| Cleavage | the tendency of a mineral to break along the zones of weakness and form smooth to semi-smooth parallel sides (surfaces) |
| fracture | uneven breaking surfaces in a mineral (no cleavage); fracture types include IRREGULAR (earthy), FIBROUS (splintery), and CURVED (conchoidal). |
| Gneiss mineral composition | Gneiss typically contains a few dominant minerals, with the exact mix varying depending on the original rock and metamorphism conditions. |
| Limestone mineral composition | Limestone primarily consists of two main minerals: CALCITE and ARAGONITE which are forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). |
| Rock gypsum mineral composition | Consists of the mineral gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Gypsum is a hydrated calcium sulfate |
| Quartzite mineral composition | Quartzite is primarily composed of quartz, with at least 80% of the rock being quartz |
| crystal shape | the outward geometric shape of a mineral; the crystal form; the orderly arrangement of the atoms in the mineral |
| what are other properties of mineral s? | how they react to acid; how flexible they are |
| rock | any naturally formed solid on Earth or in any part of the universe |
| organic | anything relating to living organisms or to things that were alive |
| rock composition | rocks are mixtures of minerals, organic materials, glasses and fragments of other rocks |
| Rock Cycle in Earth's Crust diagram | diagram to understand relationships among the three major rock types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic |
| rock types | three types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic. Rock type is determined by how the rock was formed. |
| texture (of a rock) | the size, shape and arrangement of the materials a rock is composed of |
| mineral crystals | individual grains of minerals that make up rocks |
| SEDIMENTARY rock | rocks that form from an accumulation of sediments - from other rocks and organic materials. Most form under large bodies of water (lakes, seas); sediments are deposited in horizontal layers. |
| clastic sedimentary rock | a rock composed of solid sediments, such as the sand in sandstone or the tine pieces of clay in shale |
| chemical sedimentary rock (evaporites) | when dissolved minerals drop out from the water they form a crystalline mass of interconnected mineral crystals |
| precipitation (of minerals) | the result of evaporation, saturation with dissolved minerals or changes in temperature |
| bioclastic sedimentary rock | a rock made by living organisms or mostly composed of materials from life forms. Exs: a clam makes a shell, a coral makes a skeleton |
| IGNEOUS rock | rocks that form when natural, molten material cools and turns in to a solid |
| INTRUSIVE igneous rocks | rocks formed when magma solidifies BENEATH Earth's solid surface; the masses of these rocks are called intrusions. |
| EXTRUSIVE igneous rocks | rocks formed when lava solidifies ON OR ABOVE Earth's solid surface; volcanic rocks |
| extrusions | formed by volcanic rocks; examples: lava flows and volcanoes |
| METAMORPHIC rock | rock that forms from changes in previously existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and or mineral fluids - WITHOUT weathering or melting |
| fine-grained Igneous rocks | EXTRUSIVE igneous rocks; found in areas where molten rock cools rapidly, on Earth's SURFACE |
| metamorphism | the process of forming metamorphic rocks; changes occur with the lithosphere, many kilometers deep |
| foliation | a LAYER of mineral CRYSTALS found in metamorphic rocks |
| contact metamorphism | when older rocks are CHANGED by coming in CONTACT with MAGMA or LAVA |
| regional metamorphism | when older rocks are TRANSFORMED into metamorphic rocks by an increase in TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE (colliding plates) |
| rock cycle | a model used to show how the rock types are interrelated; shows the process that produces each rock type |
| mineral resources | group of Earth materials: minerals, rocks, fossil fuels |
| fossil | the preserved remains of an organism that lived in the past |
| felsic materials | light-colored silicate minerals rich in silica, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, and potassium; found in igneous rocks. Exs: quartz, feldspar, muscovite mica. |
| felsic minerals in a rock | As the percentage of felsic minerals in a rock increases, the rock's COLOR becomes lighter and DENSITY decreases |
| characteristics of INTRUSIVE igneous rocks | COARSE grained texture; LARGE crystals, a uniform, solid texture. Formed from SLOW cooling magma BENEATH the Earth's surface. |
| characteristics of extrusive igneous rocks (volcanic rocks) | FINE grained texture, SMALL crystals. Formed by RAPID cooling on the Earth's SURFACE |
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