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Biochemistry
I Biochemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amino acid | monomer of protein; building block to make protein; 20 different kinds of them |
| Carbohydrate | type of macromolecule in cells of sugar and starches and is a quick source of energy |
| Hydrophilic | a chemical property meaning - it is attracted to water or will bond to water. Example is protein. |
| Hydrophobic | a chemical property meaning- it is not attracted or is "fearful" of water; it will repel or not bond with water. Example is lipid. |
| Lipid | a type of macromolecule that is oily; it is insoluble (does not dissolve in water) and is long term storage of energy |
| Macromolecule | very large complex molecule such as carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, or protein; make up of cells |
| Polymer | complex molecule made up of monomers joined by chemical processes |
| Organic compound | relating to macromolecules having CARBON as the backbone element |
| Monomer | simple compound that is the building block of polymers as they are joined together; use ATP and remove water |
| Monosaccharide | simple carbohydrate sugar compound that is they building block of a polysaccharide starch compound polymer |
| Nucleic acid | type of macromolecule made up of nucleotides that is used for genetic information and in living cells. Examples are DNA, RNA, ATP. |
| Nucleotide | simple nucleic monomer compound that is they building block of a nucleic acid compound polymer. Example has 3 parts- Sugar, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous Base |
| Protein | a type of macromolecule that is essential to living cells; it has certain shape to determine function and is important for cell STRUCTURE. |
| Polysaccharide | a type of carbohydrate that is a chain of many monosaccharide molecules joined together by chemical processes Ex. cellulose |
| Glucose | type of carbohydrate that is monosaccharide sugar; chemical formula is C6H12O6; most common form in body such as in blood for energy to make ATP |
| Galactose | a type of monosaccharide carbohydrate that is found in milk sugar; it helps to make lactose that is a disaccharide |
| Glycerol | part of monomer of lipid; 3 fatty acids and glycerol make up triglyceride; glycerol is backbone; made of C, H, O |
| Glycogen | type of carbohydrate that is polysaccharide sugar; it is stored energy by the liver in animals |
| Fatty acid | part of monomer for lipid; glycerol and 3 fatty acids make up triglyceride; forms shape of E; made of C, H, O |
| Disaccharide | a type of carbohydrate that has two monosaccharides joined together; Example is sucrose (table sugar). |
| Cellulose | a type of polysaccharide carbohydrate that is a major structure for plant tissues |
| C6H12O6 | chemical formula for glucose; carbon and hydrogen and oxygen |
| DNA | type of nucleic acid that is double stranded helix; carries genetic information in the nucleus of a cell |
| RNA | type of nucleic acid that is single stranded; carries genetic information in the cell to make protein |
| Phospholipid | a type of lipid that is important in the cell membrane to make it repel water |
| Polypeptide | a type of protein that is 10 or more amino acids joined together by monomers combining in a chemical reaction with peptide bonds. Example is insulin. |
| Triglyceride | a type of lipid made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids; it is found in animal and vegetable tissues to store energy long term |
| Enzyme | a complex protein with a specific shape that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions |
| Catalyst | a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction; Example is an enzyme |
| Substrate | a material that is acted upon by an enzyme to turn into a product; it is also known as a reactant |
| Activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a reaction so it can occur |
| Lactose | type of disaccharide carbohydrate that is found in dairy products such as milk, cheese, ice cream |
| Lactase | type of protein enzyme that is used to break down lactose in the digestive tract |
| Lactose intolerant | problem with not being able to digest lactose well in the digestive tract, can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea |
| Lock and key model | explains how enzymes (lock) and substrate (key) interact and shapes must fit together for reaction to occur; join at active site |
| Denature | when a protein is changed (its shape) by high heat, acid, base, etc. so that it no longer has function |
| pH scale | scale measuring H+ ions to determine the acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution |
| Acid | compound with a pH of less than 7; Examples: sour such as lemon juice or vinegar or HCl (hydrochloric acid) |
| Base | compound with a pH greater than 7; Examples: cleaning products like soap detergent or ammonia or baking soda |
| Saturation | in a chemical reaction, it is when the amount of reactant (and enzyme) put in- it has no more effect on the rate of the reaction; it has reached it maximum level |
| Synthesis | the joining of monomers to form polymers to make chemical compounds using ATP; the compounds become more complex |
| Dipeptide | a type of protein that is made up of two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond using ATP |
| ATP | type of nucleotide; major source of energy for cellular reactions; can join amino acids together to make protein |
| Scientific method | a way to ask questions and perform experiments to support or reject hypothesis in ways to lead to unbiased answers |
| Hypothesis | in the scientific method, a proposed explanation made on observation and limited evidence to start an scientific experiment |
| Research plan | in the scientific method, outlining steps and procedures to conduct a research project, finding variables to examine |
| Experimental design | in the scientific method, planning how to test the hypothesis with variables, how to collect data, minimize bias, include lab safety |
| Active site | structure part of an enzyme where substrate and enzyme meet so reaction can occur; shapes must match |
| Biochemistry | the study of macromolecules and processes that make up living cells and organisms |
| Chemical reaction | a process in which substances are changed from Reactants to Products |
| Peptide bond | chemical bond between two amino acids to make a protein |
| Product | a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| Reactant | a chemical substance that is changed during a chemical reaction |
| Starch | a type of complex polysaccharide carbohydrate; Examples are glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
| Polar | chemical property of having a pair of equal and opposite charges at "poles" or ends. Example is water where H is positively charged + and O is negative charged - ; water is attracted to water; it is hydrophilic. |
| Non polar | chemical property of not having positive and negative charged ends or "poles"; charges are even. Example is lipid; it is hydrophobic. |
Created by:
MrsKim
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