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BIO 108
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural selection | a process that allows for certain mutations (alleles) to increase or decrease in frequency among a population based on which alleles improve reproductive fitness |
| Adaptive evolution: | evolutionary changes in an organism that make it more suitable to its habitat |
| Genetic drift | Chance events causing a shift in allele frequency. Felt more heavily by small populations |
| Gene flow | The transfer of alleles from one population to another |
| Bottleneck Effect | A sharp decrease in population size, reducing genetic diversity in the population after it recovers in size |
| Founder Effect | Reduced genetic diversity in a population that has descended from a small “founder” population from somewhere else |
| Neutral variation | Mutations that confer no benefit or negative effect to the organism |
| Convergent evolution | the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups |
| Analogous traits | arises when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways |
| Homology | similarity resulting from common ancestry |
| Homologous structures | anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor |
| Vestigial structures | remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors |
| Heterozygote protection | maintains a huge pool of alleles that might not be favored under present conditions, but that could be beneficial if the environment changes |
| Inclusive fitness | the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring |
| Relative Fitness | the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals |
| Directional selection | Shifts a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other |
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| Taxon | A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy |
| Cladistics | grouping organisms by common ancestry |
| Clade | a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| Monophyletic clade | contains the ancestor species and all its descendants |
| Polyphyletic clade | grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor |
| Paraphyletic clade | grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants |
| Binomial nomenclature | Genus species names for organisms |
| Phylogenetic tree | a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships |
| Branch point | represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor |
| Sister taxa | groups that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group |
| Outgroups | species that diverged from all ingroup taxa before they diverged from each other and are the preferred way to determine the root of a phylogenetic tree |
| Serial Homology | homology between repetitive structures in the same individual organism. Ie: repeating vertebrae, repeating segments of limbs being adapted to mouthparts, etc |
| Shared ancestral character | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
| Shared derived character | an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
| Disruptive selection | Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |
| Stabilizing selection | Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. Reduces variation |
| Maximum parsimony | the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts is the best explanation. For phylogenies, the path requiring the least amount of genetic change is the most likely |
| Maximum likelihood | Likelihood calculated based on probability rules about how often DNA changes over time |
| Adaptive Evolution | evolutionary changes in an organism that make it suitable to its habitat |
| Intrasexual selection | Individuals of one sex compete for mates. Ie: Males fighting each other for access to relatively passive mates |
| Intersexual selection | mate choice, ie: males competing for female attention, females actively responsible for choosing |
| Frequency-dependent Selection | fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population. |
| Heterozygote Advantage | Potentially useful adaptation when heterozygous, causes a decrease in fitness when homozygous |
| Behavioral Ecology | ○ Behavioral Ecology |
| Parental Care | Parents of a species actively rearing their offspring |
| Altruism | a behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population |
| Genetic restoration | when genetic diversity is increased by the addition of new alleles and changes in allelic frequencies |
| Genetic rescue | when population growth, inferred from some demographic vital rate or measured directly, is increased through reversal of inbreeding depression |
| Homeotic genes | responsible for determining the identity of segments or structures of the body |
| Orthologous genes | the result of a speciation event, occurs between genes found in different species. |
| Paralogous genes | result from gene duplication so are found in more than one copy in the genome. |
| Molecular clock | uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change |
| Horizontal (or Lateral) gene transfer | The movement of genetic material between organisms that are not parent and child |
| Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya | The three-domain system: |
| True or False, individuals can evolve | False |
| True or False, evolution is best thought of as a highly branched tree rather than a ladder | True |
| Evolution | Change in allele frequency, in a population, over time |
| Lamarckian Evolution | Evolution can occur via physical change in organisms during their lifetime |
| True or False, organisms that gain greater development of a part of their body can pass these traits on to their offspring | False |
| Darwinian Evolution | Poses that organisms possess heritable traits where some are helpful and can result in more offspring (and vice versa) |
| True or False, Darwin believed that natural selectin was the primary mechanism by which populations changed | True |
| True or False, Variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution | True |
| What mechanisms can cause the evolution of populations? | Natural Selection, Genetic drift, and Gene flow |
| True or False, new alleles can arise by mutation | True |
| What is the result of large chromosome segments? | An expanded genome |
| True or False, mutation rates tend to be low in plants and animals | True |
| How does sexual reproduction create large amounts of genetic variation in offspring? | Crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, and random fertilization |
| In the first edition of The Origin of Species, Darwin never used the word evolution, what did he use? | Descent with modification |
| What were Darwin's two observations from which he also drew two inferences? | 1. Members of a population vary in their inherited traits 2. All Species can produce more offspring than their environment can support |
| What were Darwin's two inferences? | 1. An individual with inherited traits that are favorable will be more likely to reproduce 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations |
| True or False, convergent evolution provides information about ancestry | False |
| Natural selection represents both _______ (mutations) and _________ (selection). | chance, sorting |
| True or False, natural selection consistently increases the frequencies of allele that provide reproductive advantage, thus leading to adaptive evolution | True |
| Why is "survival of the fittest" misleading? | It insinuates competition is direct competitive contests, it has to more with reproduction. |
| What are the forms of selection? | Natural selection which alters the frequency distribution: directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection. Selection for traits that attract mates: sexual selection. It can affect an organisms indirectly: kin selection |
| Hamilton's Rule | A quantitative measure for predicting when natural selection would favor altruism, rB>C, where C is the cost to the altruist, b is the benefit to the recipient, and r is the coefficient of relatedness |
| Explain an example of the bottleneck effect. | Greater Prairie Chicken: millions of greater prairie lived in Illinois, habitat was destroyed that led to ow genetic diversity. Cheetahs... |
| Explain an example of the founder effect. | Italian Wall Lizard: was introduced to New York as an escaped pet, became very well-established |
| Extinction vortex where the population is so low it spirals into extinction, what are the possible causes? | Small population, genetic drift, and inbreeding |
| Gene flow tends to _______ variation among populations over time. | reduce |
| Genetic drift acts to ______ genetic diversity through _______ or the ________ | reduce, bottlenecks, founder effect |
| Small populations are more prone to _________, which may result in regional extinction | genetic drift |
| Gene flow ____ ___ ________________ ________, and over time can reduce overall variation. | mixes a population's alleles |
| Gene flow can act as a _______________ force, preventing speciation and range expansion | homogenizing |
| What are the various species concepts? | Biological species concept, morphological species concept, ecological species concept |
| allopatric speciation | gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |
| Separated populations may evolve independently through ______________, _____________, and ________________ | mutation, natural selection, genetic drift |
| If hybrids do not become reproductively isolated from their parent species, then three alternate outcomes are possible: | Reinforcement, fusion, stability |
| punctuated equilibria | periods of apparent evolutionary stasis punctuated by sudden change |
| What does D K P C O F G S stand for? | Hierarchical classification: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Phylogenies are inferred from __________ and _______________ data | molecular, morphological |
| True or False, clades can be nested in a larger clades, but not all groupings of organisms qualify as clades. | True |
| A monophyletic clade contains the _____________ species and all its _________________. | descendants |
| True or False, phylogenetic trees are solid proofs of evolutionary paths organism take. | False |
| Conservation seeks to preserve biodiversity at all levels: | genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity |
| What are the "four horsemen" of ecological apocalypse? | Overexploitation, habitat loss, invasive species, pathogens, and climate change |
| True or False, highly conserved genes have changed very little over time | True |
| The three domain system has been adopted: _______, ________, and _______. | bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote |
| What are reasons are that extinction might occur? | over-speciation, habitat loss, competition, disease |
| What are reasons mass extinction might occur? | plate tectonics, impact theory, anthropogenic/synergistic effects |
| What are some examples of ecosystem services? | purification of air and water, detox. and decomposition of wastes, crop pollination/pest control/soil preservation, moderation of weather extremes |
Created by:
epmartin17
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