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Wilderness First Aid
NOLS - Wilderness First Aid v1.01
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first step in the Patient Assessment System? | Ensure scene safety and take body substance isolation precautions. |
| What does BSI stand for in first aid? | Body Substance Isolation. |
| What is the purpose of scene size-up? | To assess for safety, number of patients, and mechanism of injury. |
| What is the first thing you do when you approach a patient? | Introduce yourself and obtain consent to help. |
| What does AVPU stand for? | Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive. |
| How do you check for responsiveness? | Use AVPU: speak to and gently tap the patient. |
| What are the three components of the initial assessment? | Airway, Breathing, Circulation. |
| How do you check for airway obstruction? | Look, listen, and feel for breathing; check for visible obstructions. |
| What is the best position for an unconscious but breathing patient? | Recovery position (on their side). |
| What are the signs of inadequate breathing? | Shallow, irregular, or absent breaths. |
| What is the normal adult respiratory rate? | 12-20 breaths per minute. |
| What is the normal adult heart rate? | 60-100 beats per minute. |
| What is the normal capillary refill time? | Less than 2 seconds. |
| What does SCTM stand for? | Skin Color, Temperature, Moisture. |
| Why is SCTM assessed? | To evaluate circulation and shock. |
| What does SAMPLE stand for? | Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last intake/output, Events. |
| What is the purpose of a focused physical exam? | To identify injuries or illnesses not found in the initial assessment. |
| What are the steps of a head-to-toe exam? | Inspect and palpate head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, back. |
| When should you consider spinal precautions? | Any trauma with mechanism suggesting spinal injury. |
| What is the main sign of a spinal cord injury? | Numbness, tingling, or paralysis below the injury site. |
| How do you stabilize the spine? | Manual stabilization of head and neck; minimize movement. |
| What is the first step in controlling severe bleeding? | Apply direct pressure. |
| What is the next step if direct pressure fails to control bleeding? | Apply a pressure bandage and consider a tourniquet if life-threatening. |
| What are the signs of shock? | Pale, cool, clammy skin; rapid pulse; rapid breathing; weakness. |
| How do you treat shock? | Lay patient flat, keep warm, treat underlying cause, evacuate if needed. |
| What is the difference between arterial and venous bleeding? | Arterial is bright red and spurting; venous is darker and flows steadily. |
| What are the signs of a skull fracture? | Deformity, bruising behind ears, raccoon eyes, clear fluid from nose/ears. |
| How do you manage a head injury? | Monitor closely, protect airway, prevent further injury, evacuate if symptoms worsen. |
| What are the signs of a concussion? | Confusion, headache, dizziness, memory loss, nausea. |
| What is the first step in wound management? | Control bleeding with direct pressure. |
| How do you clean a wound in the field? | Irrigate thoroughly with clean water, remove debris, dress the wound. |
| What is the risk of closing a wound in the wilderness? | Trapping bacteria and causing infection. |
| What are the signs of wound infection? | Redness, swelling, warmth, pus, increasing pain. |
| How do you treat a wound infection? | Open wound, clean, allow to drain, consider evacuation. |
| What is the first step in treating a burn? | Stop the burning process and cool with clean water. |
| How do you assess the severity of a burn? | Depth, size (percentage of body surface), location. |
| What is the first aid for a small, superficial burn? | Cool water, cover with sterile dressing, monitor for infection. |
| What is the first aid for a large or deep burn? | Cover with clean, dry dressing, prevent hypothermia, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a fracture? | Immobilize the limb as found. |
| How do you check for circulation after splinting? | Assess pulse, color, warmth, and sensation beyond the injury. |
| What are the signs of a dislocation? | Deformity, swelling, pain, loss of function. |
| Can you attempt to reduce a dislocation in the wilderness? | Only if trained and evacuation is delayed; follow NOLS protocols. |
| What are the signs of a sprain? | Pain, swelling, bruising, limited movement, no deformity. |
| How do you treat a sprain? | Rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE). |
| What is the first step in treating a suspected spinal injury? | Stabilize head and neck, prevent movement. |
| What are the signs of a femur fracture? | Severe pain, deformity, inability to move leg, possible shock. |
| How do you treat a femur fracture? | Immobilize, treat for shock, evacuate immediately. |
| What is the first step in managing an open fracture? | Control bleeding, cover with sterile dressing, immobilize. |
| What is the first sign of compartment syndrome? | Severe pain out of proportion to injury. |
| What is the first step in treating a shoulder dislocation? | Immobilize, apply cold, evacuate if unable to reduce. |
| What are the signs of heat exhaustion? | Heavy sweating, weakness, nausea, headache, dizziness. |
| How do you treat heat exhaustion? | Move to shade, cool patient, give fluids if alert. |
| What are the signs of heat stroke? | Hot, dry skin, altered mental status, high body temperature. |
| How do you treat heat stroke? | Rapid cooling, remove clothing, immerse in cool water, evacuate immediately. |
| What are the signs of mild hypothermia? | Shivering, slurred speech, clumsiness, apathy. |
| How do you treat mild hypothermia? | Remove wet clothing, insulate, provide warm fluids if alert. |
| What are the signs of severe hypothermia? | No shivering, confusion, unconsciousness, slow pulse. |
| How do you treat severe hypothermia? | Gentle handling, insulation, prevent further heat loss, evacuate. |
| What are the signs of frostbite? | Numbness, white or gray skin, hard or waxy texture. |
| How do you treat frostbite? | Protect from further cold, rewarm only if no chance of refreezing, do not rub. |
| What are the signs of trench foot? | Pale, cold, numb, swollen feet; blisters may develop. |
| How do you treat trench foot? | Dry and warm feet, elevate, change socks, monitor for infection. |
| What are the signs of dehydration? | Thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, headache, dizziness. |
| How do you treat dehydration? | Encourage oral fluids, rest, monitor. |
| What are the signs of altitude illness? | Headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia. |
| How do you treat altitude illness? | Descend, rest, hydrate, administer oxygen if available. |
| What is HAPE? | High Altitude Pulmonary Edema. |
| What are the signs of HAPE? | Shortness of breath at rest, cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis. |
| How do you treat HAPE? | Immediate descent, oxygen if available, evacuate. |
| What is HACE? | High Altitude Cerebral Edema. |
| What are the signs of HACE? | Severe headache, confusion, ataxia, altered mental status. |
| How do you treat HACE? | Immediate descent, oxygen if available, evacuate. |
| What are the signs of anaphylaxis? | Swelling, hives, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure. |
| What is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis? | Epinephrine auto-injector. |
| How do you administer an epinephrine auto-injector? | Inject into the outer thigh, hold for 10 seconds. |
| What should you do after administering epinephrine? | Evacuate immediately, monitor airway and breathing. |
| What are the signs of asthma attack? | Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing. |
| How do you treat an asthma attack? | Assist with inhaler, calm patient, monitor. |
| What are the signs of a diabetic emergency? | Confusion, weakness, sweating, rapid pulse, possible unconsciousness. |
| How do you treat hypoglycemia? | Give sugar if alert, monitor, evacuate if no improvement. |
| What is the first step in treating a seizure? | Protect patient from injury, do not restrain, monitor airway. |
| When should you evacuate a patient after a seizure? | If first seizure, prolonged, or associated with trauma/injury. |
| What are the signs of a heart attack? | Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, pain radiating to arm/jaw. |
| How do you treat a heart attack in the wilderness? | Rest, calm, assist with medication, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a bee sting? | Remove stinger, wash area, apply cold. |
| What is the first step in treating a snakebite? | Keep patient calm, immobilize limb, evacuate. |
| Should you cut or suck a snakebite wound? | No, do not cut or suck the wound. |
| What is the first step in treating a tick bite? | Remove tick with tweezers, clean area, monitor for symptoms. |
| What are the signs of Lyme disease? | Bullseye rash, fever, joint pain, fatigue. |
| What is the first step in treating a spider bite? | Clean wound, apply cold, monitor for symptoms. |
| What are the signs of infection from a bite? | Redness, swelling, pus, fever. |
| What is the first step in treating a blister? | Protect with moleskin or bandage, drain only if necessary. |
| How do you treat a nosebleed? | Pinch nostrils, lean forward, apply cold. |
| What is the first step in treating an eye injury? | Rinse with clean water, cover, avoid rubbing. |
| What is the first step in treating a tooth injury? | Rinse mouth, save tooth in milk or saliva, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a chest injury? | Monitor breathing, stabilize, evacuate if breathing difficulty. |
| What is the first step in treating an abdominal injury? | Position of comfort, do not give food or drink, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a pelvic injury? | Immobilize, monitor for shock, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a genital injury? | Control bleeding, clean, cover, monitor for infection. |
| What is the first step in treating a drowning victim? | Ensure safety, remove from water, check airway and breathing. |
| What is the first step in treating a lightning strike victim? | Ensure scene safety, assess for cardiac arrest, treat injuries. |
| What is the recommended position during a lightning storm? | Crouch low, feet together, minimize ground contact. |
| What is the first step in treating a burn from lightning? | Cool burn, cover, monitor for shock. |
| What is the first step in treating a cold water immersion injury? | Remove wet clothing, insulate, rewarm. |
| What is the first step in treating a heat cramp? | Rest, stretch, hydrate, replace electrolytes. |
| What is the first step in treating a heat rash? | Keep skin dry, cool, wear loose clothing. |
| What is the first step in treating sunburn? | Cool compress, moisturize, avoid further sun. |
| What is the first step in treating snow blindness? | Rest eyes, cover with dark glasses, avoid bright light. |
| What is the first step in treating altitude cough? | Descend, rest, hydrate. |
| What is the first step in treating motion sickness? | Rest, hydrate, focus on horizon. |
| What is the first step in treating food poisoning? | Rest, hydrate, monitor for dehydration. |
| What is the first step in treating diarrhea? | Hydrate, monitor for dehydration, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating constipation? | Hydrate, increase fiber, gentle activity. |
| What is the first step in treating dehydration due to vomiting? | Small sips of water, rest, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a fainting episode? | Lay patient flat, elevate legs, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a panic attack? | Calm environment, slow breathing, reassurance. |
| What is the first step in treating a psychological emergency? | Ensure safety, listen, support, evacuate if needed. |
| What is the first step in treating a lost person? | Stay put, signal for help, conserve energy. |
| What is the first step in treating a hypothermic patient with cardiac arrest? | Begin CPR, evacuate, continue rewarming. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected rabies exposure? | Clean wound, evacuate for vaccination. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected tetanus? | Clean wound, evacuate for vaccination. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected meningitis? | Monitor, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected appendicitis? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected kidney stones? | Hydrate, pain management, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected urinary tract infection? | Hydrate, evacuate for antibiotics. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected pneumonia? | Rest, hydrate, evacuate for antibiotics. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected bronchitis? | Rest, hydrate, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected flu? | Rest, hydrate, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected COVID-19? | Isolate, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected malaria? | Evacuate for medical care. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected dengue? | Hydrate, rest, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected Zika virus? | Rest, hydrate, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hepatitis? | Rest, hydrate, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected tuberculosis? | Isolate, evacuate for medical care. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected HIV exposure? | Clean wound, evacuate for medical care. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected food allergy? | Remove allergen, treat with antihistamine or epinephrine. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected shellfish allergy? | Remove allergen, treat with epinephrine if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected nut allergy? | Remove allergen, treat with epinephrine if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected latex allergy? | Remove allergen, monitor, treat with epinephrine if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected insect allergy? | Remove stinger, treat with epinephrine if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected animal bite? | Clean wound, monitor for infection, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected human bite? | Clean wound, monitor for infection, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected fish spine injury? | Remove spine if possible, clean wound, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected jellyfish sting? | Rinse with vinegar, remove tentacles, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected sea urchin spine? | Remove spines, soak in hot water, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected coral cut? | Clean wound, monitor for infection. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected leech bite? | Remove leech, clean wound, monitor. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected bat exposure? | Clean wound, evacuate for rabies vaccination. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected scorpion sting? | Clean wound, apply cold, monitor for symptoms. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected centipede bite? | Clean wound, apply cold, monitor for symptoms. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected tick-borne disease? | Remove tick, monitor for symptoms, evacuate if fever/rash. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected poison ivy? | Wash skin, apply calamine, avoid scratching. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected poison oak? | Wash skin, apply calamine, avoid scratching. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected poison sumac? | Wash skin, apply calamine, avoid scratching. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected mushroom poisoning? | Evacuate for medical care. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected plant poisoning? | Identify plant, evacuate if severe symptoms. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning? | Move to fresh air, oxygen if available, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected smoke inhalation? | Move to fresh air, monitor breathing, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected chemical exposure? | Remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected fuel exposure? | Remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected eye chemical burn? | Rinse eye with clean water for 15 minutes. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected ear injury? | Do not insert objects, cover, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hearing loss? | Monitor, evacuate if sudden or severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected dental abscess? | Rinse mouth, evacuate for antibiotics. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected jaw fracture? | Immobilize jaw, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected throat injury? | Monitor airway, evacuate if breathing difficulty. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected neck injury? | Stabilize, monitor airway, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected chest wall injury? | Stabilize, monitor breathing, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected rib fracture? | Support, pain management, monitor for breathing difficulty. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected flail chest? | Support, monitor breathing, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected punctured lung? | Seal wound, monitor breathing, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected abdominal bleeding? | Position of comfort, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected pelvic fracture? | Immobilize, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected femoral artery bleed? | Direct pressure, tourniquet if necessary, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected amputation? | Control bleeding, wrap part in moist dressing, keep cool, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected crush injury? | Remove force if safe, monitor for shock, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected impaled object? | Stabilize object, do not remove, control bleeding, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected eye impalement? | Stabilize object, cover both eyes, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected ear impalement? | Stabilize object, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected nose impalement? | Stabilize object, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected mouth impalement? | Stabilize object, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected genital impalement? | Stabilize object, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected rectal injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for bleeding, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected vaginal injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for bleeding, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected miscarriage? | Support, monitor for bleeding, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected childbirth? | Support, monitor, prepare for delivery, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected postpartum bleeding? | Control bleeding, monitor, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected testicular torsion? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected priapism? | Position of comfort, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected penile fracture? | Position of comfort, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected prolapsed rectum? | Cover, position of comfort, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected prolapsed uterus? | Cover, position of comfort, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected prolapsed bladder? | Cover, position of comfort, evacuate. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hernia? | Position of comfort, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected inguinal hernia? | Position of comfort, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected umbilical hernia? | Position of comfort, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected femoral hernia? | Position of comfort, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected strangulated hernia? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected bowel obstruction? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected gastrointestinal bleed? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected liver injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected spleen injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected kidney injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected bladder injury? | Position of comfort, monitor for shock, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected urethral injury? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected testicular injury? | Position of comfort, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected ovarian cyst rupture? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected ectopic pregnancy? | Position of comfort, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected sexual assault? | Support, ensure safety, preserve evidence, evacuate for care. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected psychological trauma? | Support, ensure safety, evacuate if needed. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected substance overdose? | Monitor airway and breathing, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected alcohol poisoning? | Monitor airway and breathing, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected drug withdrawal? | Support, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypoglycemia? | Give sugar if alert, monitor, evacuate if no improvement. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hyperglycemia? | Hydrate, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected insulin shock? | Give sugar if alert, monitor, evacuate if no improvement. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis? | Hydrate, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected thyroid storm? | Monitor, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected adrenal crisis? | Monitor, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected pituitary crisis? | Monitor, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected electrolyte imbalance? | Hydrate, monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hyponatremia? | Restrict fluids, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypernatremia? | Hydrate, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypokalemia? | Hydrate, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hyperkalemia? | Monitor, evacuate urgently. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypocalcemia? | Monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypercalcemia? | Hydrate, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypomagnesemia? | Monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypermagnesemia? | Monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hypophosphatemia? | Monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What is the first step in treating a patient with suspected hyperphosphatemia? | Monitor, evacuate if severe. |
| What are the four priorities of wilderness first aid? | Scene safety, initial assessment, focused assessment, evacuation decision. |
| What should every wilderness first aid kit contain? | Gloves, bandages, gauze, tape, scissors, tweezers, wound cleaning supplies, medications, emergency blanket. |
| What is the most important skill in wilderness first aid? | Patient assessment and decision-making. |
| What is the best way to prevent wilderness emergencies? | Preparation, planning, and prevention strategies. |
| What is the role of documentation in wilderness first aid? | Record patient assessment, treatments, and evacuation decisions. |
| What is the best way to signal for help in the wilderness? | Whistle, mirror, brightly colored objects, signal fire, satellite device. |
| What is the first step in organizing an evacuation? | Assess patient stability, choose safest route, assign roles. |
| What is the importance of group safety during an emergency? | Prevent further injuries and maintain group morale. |
| What is the best way to prevent hypothermia? | Dress in layers, stay dry, stay active, eat and drink regularly. |
| What is the best way to prevent heat illness? | Stay hydrated, wear light clothing, rest in shade, avoid peak heat. |
| What is the best way to prevent altitude illness? | Ascend gradually, hydrate, rest, avoid overexertion. |
| What is the best way to prevent infections? | Proper wound care, hygiene, clean water, food safety. |
| What is the best way to prevent animal bites? | Avoid contact, store food properly, respect wildlife. |
Created by:
dscintille
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