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Cardio I Med Surg
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| medication class that inhibits platelet activation, adhesion or pro-coagulant activity. Used for tx of CAD | antiplatelets |
| med class that relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, produces vasodilation, reduces O2 consumption of myocardium, preload/afterload reduction. Used for tx of CAD | nitrates |
| med class that prevents movement of extracellular calcium into cell. dilates peripheral arteries, decreases myocardial contractility, depressed conduction system. decreases workload of <3 | calcium channel blockers |
| med class - causes decrease in HR, B/P, cardiac output, supresses renin activity, decrease myocardial contractility and O2 demand | beta blockers |
| amount of blood pumped/ejected from ventricle in 1 minute | cardiac output |
| amount of blood pumped out of heart each minute | stroke volume |
| formula for cardiac output | stroke volume x heart rate = CO |
| cardiac enzyme that measures for myocardial muscle injury and timing of infarction | CPK-MB Creatine Phosphokinase |
| CPK-MB enzyme levels | elevated 4-6 hours after infarction, 12-24 peak elevation, 48-72 hours returns to normal |
| cardiac enzyme test - elevated 8-12 hours after infarction, peaks 3-4 days, returns to normal 10-14 days, useful if dx and tx delayed | LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) |
| progressive disease leading to narrowing/occlusion of coronary arteries | CAD coronary artery disease |
| protein only found in cardiac cells, highly sensitive indicator of myocardial damage | Troponin |
| Troponin levels | levels rise 3-6 hours from onset of sx, peak in 24 hours, remain in system up to 2 wks |
| "fab four" meds for tx of unstable angina | antiplatelets, statins, ACEIs, beta blockers |
| occurs when new branches grow from existing arteries to provide increased blood flow to damaged myocardial tissue | collateral circulation |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | baloon tip catheter is placed thru a peripheral artery into occluded coronary artery, balloon then inflated to compress atherosclerotic plaque and dilate artery |
| coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) | pts own vein/artery used to bypass occluded vessels. internal mammary artery or saphenous veins used for bypass |
| type of angina caused by coronary artery spasms | variant (Prinzmetal's) angina |
| type of med that blocks production of angiotension II, a vasoconstrictor, reduces peripheral arterial resistance and lowers BP | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) |
| how do statins lower cholesterol levels | reducing cholesterol production in liver |
| ischemia | inadequate blood supply |
| myocardial infarction | obstruction of coronary artery or one of its branches |
| collateral circulation | occurs when new branches grow from existing arteries to provide increased blood flow after MI |
| test that determines effectiveness of heparin | PTT |
| test that determines effectiveness of coumadin | INR |
| which side of heart usually fails first | left |
| cor pulmonale | right ventricle fails b/c of increased pulmonary pressures, enlargement of R side of heart |
| side of heart failure that causes pulmonary edema (right or left) | left sided HF |
| side of heart failure that causes jugular vein distention, peripheral edema, ascites | right sided HF |
| classic symptom of pulmonary edema | pink, frothy sputum |
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