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Geology
Tophat Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is our Solar system related to the galaxy as a whole? | Our solar system is a second-generation solar system, formed from the remains of a previous supernova explosion |
| A meteorite such as the pallasite in slide 6, bottom row, 2ed from left with both grey metallic iron and brown/green olivine crystals likely represents what early planet-forming process? | Core formation, as iron sinks and separates from mantle silicate minerals due to density |
| What is the physical force that causes formation of nebulae and proto-planetary discs? | Gravity |
| The name of the strong brittle layer at the very top of the Earth's mantle is: | Mantle Lithosphere |
| Which global human event led to data supporting Plate Tectonics? | The Cold War |
| Identical fossils used as evidence for the (then) unproved 'continental drift'' hypothesis found on different continents in rocks dating from the Permian Period (299 - 252 Ma) include: | Glossopteris |
| Which of the following is the fundamental physical force that drives plate tectonics? | Gravity |
| Mountain belts that could be connected if oceans were somehow 'closed up' include: | Appalachians to Caledonides |
| Name 3 elements that generate most of the heat from radioactive decay in the Earth: | Uranium, Potassium, Thorium |
| Name the two main sources of heat within the Earth's mantle and core | Residual heat from planetary accretion, radioactive decay |
| The layer within Earth's mantle that is relatively weak and convects at slow velocities is called the: | Asthenosphere |
| Is glass a mineral? | No |
| Which of the following elements are the most common cations in a geological perspective? | Magnesium, Calcium, Iron |
| What class of mineral is ice? | Oxide |
| The mineral diopside (MgCaSi₂O₆.) is a member of which mineral family? | Pyroxene |
| Deep shrinkage cracks in the mud on your building site likely indicate what kinds of minerals in the soil? | Swelling clays |
| A common texture term for igneous rocks of intermediate composition, describing a rock with a fine-grained matrix and large easy-to-see crystals is: | Porphyry |
| Which of the following is a mineral? | Dental enamel (hydroxiapatite) |
| A dark and fine-grained igneous rock, commonly formed from partial melting of a bulk mantle composition, is called: | Basalt |
| What is the difference between magma and lava? | Magma has its volatiles and lava does not |
| Is ice a mineral? | Yes |
| On the previous slide, for the picture on the right, which do you think control the mechanical properties of the rock mass? | It's really complicated, and depends on the scale of the structure being planned |
| Fine-grained igneous rocks that cooled below the Earth's surface (such ans dikes and sills of basalt and diorite), and that are not weathered can be: | Strong but fractured |
| The largest single source of sediment generation (eroded sediment) on land surfaces in the last 1000 years is: | Soil loss due to vegetation removal for agriculture |
| The thickest accumulations of sediments on Earth are approximately how thick? | 10-20 km |
| Within the group of rocks called 'sandstones', sandstones are classified by their: | Composition and Texture |
| In which direction are sedimentary rocks more likely to change physical properties rapidly? | Across bedding planes - from layer to layer |
| Cross bedding indicates direction of fluid flow during deposition? | False |
| Which plate tectonic environment produces most metamorphic rocks? | Convergent |
| Broadly, metamorphism involves | Changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress |
| Which of the following is a likely protolith for marble? | Limestone |
| Which of the following is a likely protolith for slate? | Shale/Mudstone |
| Metamorphic rocks with monomineralic protoliths tend to have more complex mineral assemblages during metamorphism than metamorphic rocks with polymineralic protoliths | False |
| Biochemical sedimentary rocks are found equally throughout the geological record | False |
| A metamorphic facies is | A set of minerals characteristic of a set of pressure and temperature conditions |
| Which fundamental concept describes the relative ages of right-side-up strata? | The Law of Superposition |
| Karst weathering is the dissolution of what kind of rock? | Limestone |
| The susceptibility of weathering of minerals formed in an igneous setting is the reverse of ___________ reaction series | Bowen's |
| Which is the term for completely weathered bedrock? | Saprolite |
| Chemical weathering dominates most over physical weathering in what kind of climate | Hot and Wet |
| The principle that present-day Earth processes are the same ones as acted over Earth's history is called: | Principal of Uniformitarianism |
| Absolute dating of rocks involves which of the following? | Measuring radioactive decay of isotopes |
| In most places on Earth, the rock historical record is continuous over 100's of millions of years | False |
| Mohr's Circle describes: | The state of stress on planes of all orientation relative to the minimum and maximum stress directions and magnitudes |
| Picking Young's Modulus from a rock compression test is straightforward | False |
| Are the coefficient of internal friction and the coefficient of sliding friction the same? | Probably not |
| Reacting a mineral with water to form a new mineral(s) and salts describes which chemical weathering process? | Hydrolysis |
| Which of the following are processes associated with physical weathering? | Growth of tree roots |
| Could C-14 dating be used to date diamonds or graphite, minerals that formed at mid-to-base-crustal conditions often over a billion years ago? | No |
| Most joints form in | Tensile |
| Joints with minerals precipitated inside them are called which of the following? (select all that apply) | Veins |
| Which of the following terms describes mechanical stratigraphy? | Separating rock into units based on the physical properties of the rock units |
| Strike-slip faults form as Coulomb fractures? | True |
| Normal faults form as Coulomb fractures? | True |
| Are reverse faults Coulomb Fractures? | Yes |
| A fold where both limbs dip away from the fold hinge is called a... | Anticline |
| Which modulus is used to calculate the total energy released during an earthquake? | Shear Modulus |
| Is metamorphic mineral foliation the same as metamorphosed sedimentary bedding? | No |
| Which type of fault is exposed in this roadcut in Iran? Several faults are exposed, but all are the same type. | Reverse |
| The geology of the area around Blacksburg, the region known as the Valley and Ridge is dominated by: | Folded and faulted sedimentary rocks |
| In the subsurface, through which network of open spaces does water flow more rapidly? | Fracture network |
| Which kind of seismic waves proved that the Earth has a liquid outer core? | S waves |
Created by:
sasalemme28
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