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BIO EXAM #5
chapters 28, 26, 19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease | disease of the heart or blood vessels or both |
| cardiovascular system | consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood which transport nutrients and gases throughout the body. Delivers oxygen to the body tissues for aerobic respiration and removes Co2. |
| heart | muscular pump, pumps blood throughout the body and consists of four chambers |
| arteries | Vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | Vessels that return blood to the heart |
| coronary arteries | the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood |
| aorta | Major heart artery leading to the rest of the body. Carries oxygenated blood to the body’s other arteries. |
| vena cava | a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart. |
| arterioles | a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries. |
| venules | a very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| heart attack | damage to the heart muscle resulting from the restriction of blood flow to heart tissue |
| cholesterol | a lipid that is transported in the blood by specialized proteins |
| risk factor | a behavior, exposure, or other factor that increases the probability of developing disease. |
| plaque | fatty deposits that develop in arteries and heart muscles and reduce blood flow to the tissues |
| atria/atrium | the chambers of the heart that receive blood. Right receives low-oxygen blood from the body, and left receives high-oxygen blood from the lungs |
| ventricles | the chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the heart. right pumps blood to the lungs, and left pumps blood to the body. |
| pulmonary circuit | circulation of blood between heart and lungs |
| systemic circuit | circulation of blood between heart and the rest of the body |
| blood pressure | a measurement of the force exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries as it circulates throughout the body |
| systolic pressure | Blood pressure while heart is pumping. Can be felt in the pulse |
| diastolic pressure | Blood pressure in between heart pumps. Lower than systolic pressure |
| pulse | a rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them, typically as felt in the wrists or neck. |
| capillaries | Tiny blood vessels located in tissues. Narrow with thin walls to allow for gas and nutrient exchange. |
| blood | the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body. |
| red blood cells- erythrocytes | specialized cells in the blood that primarily function to transport oxygen throughout the body. Lack nutrients and have a distinct concave shape. |
| white blood cells- leukocytes | involved in immune response |
| platelets | cell fragments that play a critical role in blood clotting |
| hypertension | high blood pressure, stresses and damages walls of arteries, may develop scar tissue, then atherosclerosis |
| stroke | disruption in blood supply to the brain |
| saturated fat | fat (butter) solid at room temp- often in animal products |
| low density lipoprotein (LDL) | carries cholesterol to body cells and can accumulate on linings of blood vessels, contributing to atherosclerosis. |
| high density lipoprotein (HDL) | carries cholesterol out of blood vessels and delivers it to the liver where it is processed. |
| unsaturated fat | fat (olive oil) liquid at room temp- plants and fish |
| diabetes | disease characterized by chronically increased blood sugar levels |
| anatomy | study of all of this integrated hardware |
| tissue | an organized collection of a single cell type working to carry out a specific function |
| organ | structure made up of different tissue types working together to carry out a common function |
| organ system | Organs interact chemically and physically, highest level of organization |
| physiology | the study of the way a living organism’s physical parts function |
| homeostasis | Maintaining relatively stable internal environment even when the external environment changes |
| thermoregulation | optimal operating temperatures, because enzymes function only within a very narrow temperature range |
| vasoconstriction | reduction in diameter of blood vessels just below skin surface, pushes blood to the body core, decreases amount of heat loss |
| vasodialation | expansion of the diameter of blood vessels, increases blood flow to the skin, increases heat |
| hypothalamus | the master coordinator of the brain, which is responsible for a variety of physiological functions. It can send a signal to blood vessels in the skin, causing them to constrict in peripheral vasoconstriction. Sends a signal to muscles to start shivering. |
| sensor | specialized cells that detect specific sensory input, sends information to effectors |
| effector | a cell or tissue that acts to exert a response on the basis of information relayed from a sensor |
| feedback loop | a pathway that involves input from a sensor, a response via an effector, and detection of the response by the sensor |
| nervous system | organs that sense and respond to information |
| endocrine system | collection of glands that secrete, communication among tissues: glands, hormones |
| hormone | chemical signaling molecule |
| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland in the brain that secretes many important hormones |
| hypothermia | a medical emergency that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) |
| glycogen | an energy-storing carbohydrate found in liver and muscle Insulin binds to receptors on muscle and liver cells, signaling them to remove sugar from the blood. Insulin also signals these cells to make glycogen, using the sugars taken up from the blood. |
| pancreas | a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Secrete hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
| insulin | a hormone produced in the pancreas which regulates amount of glucose in the blood |
| glucagon | triggers muscle and liver cells to convert their stored glycogen to glucose. |
| osmolarity | Concentration of dissolved solutes in the blood |
| osmoregulation | Maintenance of relatively stable volume, pressure, and solute concentration of bodily fluids, especially blood |
| kidney | involved in osmoregulation, filtration of blood |
| melanin | pigment produced by a specific type of skin cell that gives skin its color- people naturally produce different levels of melanin |
| folate | B vitamin, essential nutrient necessary for basic cellular processes such as DNA replication and cell division |
| vitamin D | fat soluble vitamin required to maintain a healthy immune system and build healthy bones and teeth. |
| mitochondiral DNA (mtDNA) | DNA within the mitochondria, inherited soley from mothers and passed onto offspring essentially unchanged, sperm do not contribute, mutates at fairly regular rate but faster than nuclear DNA |
Created by:
Ellah1123
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