Cells that have specific jobs, like nerve cells that send signals or muscle cells that help us move.

The process where the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions to make proteins.

The process where the information in mRNA is used to build proteins by linking together amino acids in the right order.

The process by which information from a gene is used to make proteins, which determine traits and functions in the body.

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies, helping processes like digestion and metabolism happen faster.

Proteins that give support and shape to cells and tissues, like collagen in skin and keratin in hair.

Proteins on the surface of cells that receive signals from other cells or the environment, helping cells respond to changes.

Chemical messengers made by glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate body functions like growth and metabolism.

Proteins made by the immune system that help protect the body by recognizing and neutralizing harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses.

Segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins and determine our traits, like eye color and height.

A gene that controls when and how other genes are turned on or off, like a switchboard for the body’s instructions.

The general layout of an organism’s body, including where the head, legs, and other parts go.

The process of how a living thing grows and changes from a single cell into a full organism.

A tiny part inside a cell that turns genes on or off, helping control what the cell does.

When a cell gets a message (like a chemical signal) that tells it to do something, such as grow or divide.

A group of three letters in DNA or mRNA that tells the cell which amino acid to add when building a protein.

A copy of a gene that carries instructions from DNA to the part of the cell that makes proteins.

One of the four building blocks of DNA and RNA (A, T, C, G in DNA; A, U, C, G in RNA). The order of these bases is what makes up genetic code.

DNA that has a small chemical tag (called a methyl group) added to it. This tag can turn genes off, like a lock on a switch.

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1-1: Central Dogma

DNA determines the structure of proteins

Term	Definition
specialized cells	Cells that have specific jobs, like nerve cells that send signals or muscle cells that help us move.
transcription	The process where the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions to make proteins.
translation	The process where the information in mRNA is used to build proteins by linking together amino acids in the right order.
gene expression	The process by which information from a gene is used to make proteins, which determine traits and functions in the body.
enzymes	Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies, helping processes like digestion and metabolism happen faster.
structural proteins	Proteins that give support and shape to cells and tissues, like collagen in skin and keratin in hair.
cell receptors	Proteins on the surface of cells that receive signals from other cells or the environment, helping cells respond to changes.
hormones	Chemical messengers made by glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate body functions like growth and metabolism.
antibodies	Proteins made by the immune system that help protect the body by recognizing and neutralizing harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses.
genes	Segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins and determine our traits, like eye color and height.
regulatory gene	A gene that controls when and how other genes are turned on or off, like a switchboard for the body’s instructions.
body plan	The general layout of an organism’s body, including where the head, legs, and other parts go.
development	The process of how a living thing grows and changes from a single cell into a full organism.
molecular switch	A tiny part inside a cell that turns genes on or off, helping control what the cell does.
signal	When a cell gets a message (like a chemical signal) that tells it to do something, such as grow or divide.
codon	A group of three letters in DNA or mRNA that tells the cell which amino acid to add when building a protein.
mRNA	A copy of a gene that carries instructions from DNA to the part of the cell that makes proteins.
base	One of the four building blocks of DNA and RNA (A, T, C, G in DNA; A, U, C, G in RNA). The order of these bases is what makes up genetic code.
methylated DNA	DNA that has a small chemical tag (called a methyl group) added to it. This tag can turn genes off, like a lock on a switch.

Created by: user-1948443

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