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botany exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between a microphyll and a megaphyll? | A microphyll is a tiny leaf with a single vascular strand and a protostele. A megaphyll is a leaf with multiple vascular strands. |
| What is the difference between homospory and heterospory? | In homospory, the sporangia of the sporic life cycle are all the same. In heterospory, there are two different sporangia: microsporangia (male) and megasporangia (female). |
| What is a strobilus? | A terminal cluster of sporophylls. |
| What is a sporophyll? | Leaves with sporangia. |
| Name some of the features of seedless vascular plants that show the progress of evolutionary trends . | Vascular tissue, secondary wall with lignin, roots/stems/leaves. Sporophyte phase dominant. Switching to heterospory in Selaginella. |
| Name some of the features of seedless vascular plants that show remnants of their evolutionary predecessors. | Gametophyte stage still free-living. Flagellated sperm. Use spores to propagate. |
| Why are whisk ferns (psilotum) unusual among vascular plants? | They lack roots and leaves, and they have a synangium (cluster of 3 fused sporangia) |
| What advantage do seedless vascular plants get from reducing the size of their gametophyte stage? | By reducing the size of the gametophyte stage, they can better protect their vulnerable gametes. |
| Why is heterospory an important evolutionary step? | The differentiated microsporangia (male) and megasporangia (female) are a step towards the pollen and seed system of later plants in the evolutionary line. |
| Briefly explain the reproduction process of seed plants. | The microsporangium creates spores, which go through meiosis to create the microgametophyte (pollen). The megasporangium creates the megagametophyte + egg through meiosis. The pollen fertilizes the egg to create a seed, which can grow into the sporophyte. |
| What are the male structures on a flower? What are the female structures? | Male = stamens (filament + anther; the microsporangia). Female = pistil (stigma, style and ovary) |
| How can you tell if a flower is perfect or imperfect? | If it has both male and female parts (both a pistil and stamens) then it is perfect. |
| What is the word for a flower whose calyx, corolla and stamens attach below the ovary? | Hypogynous (superior ovary) |
| What is the word for a flower with a floral cup surrounding the ovary? | Perigynous |
| What is the word for a flower whose floral cup is fused to the ovary, with the calyx, corolla and stamens above it? | Epigynous (inferior ovary) |
| What is the difference between simple, separate and compound pistils? | Simple has 1 carpel. Separate has multiple unfused carpels. Compound has fused carpels. |
| What are the advantages of a seed over a spore? | A seed has protection , nutrition, and can lay dormant until conditions are favorable for growing. |
| Name some of the features of gymnosperms that show the progress of evolutionary trends . | Gametophyte no longer free-living. Seeds and pollen. |
| What characteristics of the Gnetophytes (Gymnosperm) show evolutionary trends towards angiosperms? | Vessel members instead of tracheids. Double fertilization. Lack archegonia |
| Name some of the features of angiosperms that show the progress of evolutionary trends . | Flowers and fruits. Double fertilization. Can be annuals, perennials, woody shrubs, trees... (unlike gymnosperms, which are only woody shrubs and trees) |
| Describe double fertilization. What advantage does it give? | A sperm fertilizes an egg, and then a second sperm unites with two polar nuclei to create a 3N endosperm. The endosperm is useful as nourishment for the developing embryo created by the first fertilization. |
| Name some differences between monocots and dicots. | Monocots: 1 cotyledon, flower parts in 3 or 6, parallel veins in leaves, scattered vascular bundles, ad often have fibrous root systems. Dicots: 2 cotyledon, flower parts in 4 or 5, netted leaf venation, vascular bundles in a ring, and often tap roots. |
| Name some ancestral vs. derived evolutionary trends for flowers | ancestral: many parts, long floral axis, separate parts, superior ovary, regular symmetry. derived: fewer parts, short floral axis, fusion of parts, inferior ovary, irregular symmetry |
| Name the layers of the fruit pericarp (ovary wall) from the seed outwards. | Endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp |
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