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BIO 111 final
Study questions answers for essay quiz #5, covering modules 12, 13, and 14.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major layers of the earth? | Crust, Mantel, Outer Core, Inner Core |
| What is the Crust? | outermost layer |
| What is the Mantel? | hot, pliable layer of rock |
| What is the Outer Core? | semisolid, generates magnetic field |
| What is the Inner Core? | solid, dense, hot mass of metal, mostly iron |
| Where do tectonic plates spread apart? | divergent boundary |
| What is a divergent boundary? | where tectonic plates spread apart |
| What is created when tectonic plates collide? | Subduction zone |
| What is a subduction zone? | where tectonic plates collide |
| What is the ring of fire? | place with a lot of volcanoes caused by subduction zones |
| Where is the ring of fire found? | where the coast of the americas faces Asia and Australia and where the coasts of Asia and Australia face the americas |
| What is a mid-oceanic ridge? | underwater mountain range/mountain range at divergent boundaries |
| What is a subduction zone? | plates come together, one goes under another, deep trench |
| How did the Hawaiian Islands form? | underwater volanoes |
| Where are the Hawaiian islands in relation to tectonic plates? | on the Hawaiian ridge |
| How is metal ore different from a regular rock? | has high concentration of metal |
| How does an igneous rock form? | solidified hot molten magma/lava |
| How does an metamorphic rock form? | existing rock was altered |
| How does an sedimentary rock form? | sediment builds up, over time pressure pushes it into a rock |
| What kind of rock is sandstone? | sedimentary |
| What kind of rock is limestone? | sedimentary |
| When exposed to high heat and pressure, what metamorphic rock does limestone form? | quartzite |
| When exposed to high heat and pressure, what metamorphic rock does sandstone form? | marble |
| What is weathering? | breaking down a rock while it stays in place |
| What metals do we consume the most of? | iron, aluminum, manganese |
| What types of surface mining are common? | open pit mining, mountain top removal |
| Why is surface mining a threat to water quality in the area? | runoff, toxic rinse water |
| How is metal removed from metal ores? | smelting, chemical extraction |
| What is smelting? | roasting ore to release metals |
| What is chemical extraction? | dissolve contaminants (air, water soil) |
| What environmental problems are associated with smelting? | air pollution |
| What environmental problems are associated with chemical extraction? | uses toxins |
| How can recycling help the environment? | You don't need to use polluting processes to get material, instead using already purified material. |
| Why is recycling electronics a good idea? | Most electronics are not recycled despite being full of valuable minerals and toxic materials. |
| What causes a tsunami? | Tsunamis are caused because of a mass displacement of water (underwater landslide, earthquake). |
| Why are tsunamis dangerous? | Lot of force, lot of water, and they hit fast. |
| Where are tsunamis most common? | inside the ring of fire |
| How do we guard against tsunamis? | early warning system - bueyes out by the coast which we monitor |
| What is mass wasting? | lot of land moves downslope |
| Why are barrier islands risky places to build / develop? | They get hit by a lot of beach erosion. |
| What is happening to Cedar Island VA? | Sand is getting swallowed and washed away by water - homes on stilts. |
| How have we changed the path of the Mississippi? | We installed many structures to stop the river from moving as much as it used to. This led to development in areas susceptible to flooding. |
| What is the flood plain? | in low enough elevation and close enough to water where rising water could flood you |
| How should the flood plain's position affect development? | We don't build houses here - we don't actually do this. |
| How can development reduce the risk of major losses associated with mass wastings? | Don't build on hillsides |
| If you live in a 100 year flood plain – does that mean a flood only occurs every 100 years? | No. It means there is 1% chance of a flood every year. |
| What supplies most of the energy in the United States, fossil fuels or renewables? | fossil fuels |
| How might government subsidies affect our choices between fossil fuels and renewable energy? | |
| How does household energy use (per -person) compare to other parts of the world? | United Arab Emirates and Canada beat us, but we beat everyone else. |
| How is our use of solar and wind power is changing? | It's going up. |
| What may explain the trend of wind and solar use? | It's cheaper to go for renewables because we've stopped subsidizing fossil fuels as much |
| Where do fossil fuels come from? | organic carbon based compounds (plants/marine plants) buried under sediment and compressed for a long time |
| What is coal made of? | land plants |
| What is oil made of? | water plants |
| What environmental impacts are associated with the use of coal? | makes metals more soluble in water, air pollution, surface disruption (minecraft mining, removing large swathes of land), climate change |
| Why is coal use declining? | environmental impacts, harder to use and not pollute coupled with the fact that companies have to pay for their pollution |
| Are all types of crude oil the same? | No. It can be light or heavy (weight), sweet or sour (sulfur content), or corrosive or non corrosive (TAN). |
| .What does it mean for oil to be sweet or sour? | Sulfur contnent Light sweet oil is easier to process |
| How do the Alberta Oil fields (in Canada) vary from traditional forms of oil? | You have to use freshwater to melt the sands off of the oil, which is heavy on money and the environment. |
| Why might people oppose construction of an oil pipeline? | It makes wastelands. If it leaks, which will happen, the environment will get polluted. |
| What is the purpose of the Keystone XL pipeline? | Fast route to get oil from Alberta to where it's processed in Texas. |
| What advantages does Natural gas have over coal for electricity generation? | about 1/2 carbon dioxide as coal, burns cleaner than coal or oil |
| What environmental issues are still present with Natural gas plants? | fracking (uses a lot of water, contaminates groundwater, earthquakes, leaking methane, chemicals used undisclosed) |
| What fossil fuel is obtained through Hydraulic fracturing? | methane - natural gas |
| How does fracking work? | use the power of water, sand, strange chemical -> inject that underground with injection wells to fracture rock to release natural gas |
| Why do some people believe Nuclear power is a better alternative to coal? | when plant is running it doesn't produce a lot of CO2 |
| How do nuclear reactors affect climate change? | mining/processing of uranium, processing of spent fuel rods, and cleanup of nuclear sites does produce a lot of CO2 |
| Why is controlling the chain reaction important? | prevent meltdowns |
| What is done with nuclear waste? | put in mines and processing plants |
| What is the chain reaction? | radioactive uranium atoms are unstable strike it by high energy neutron -> nuclear fission, sends off other high energy neutrons to hit other unstable uranium atoms ina self-sustaining chain reaction |
| How has our use of hydro-power changed? | down, was big in the early 1900s |
| What environmental impacts are associated with the construction of large dams? | flow pattern disrupted with dam -> temp stratification b4 dam, slowed down |
| How has Wind power changed over time? | use has gone up |
| What is the potential for wind power? | could replace fossil fuels if developed |
| Why do some people oppose the construction of wind turbines? Is this fear justified? | wind turbine collisions kill birds, but nowhere near enough as power lines, windows, or cats |
| Why might wind power be good for the economy? | makes jobs |
| Why might wind power be good for private landowners? | makes money without taking up much land |
| What parts of the country have the greatest potential for solar power? | Southwest |
| What is a concentrated solar system? | use the sun to heat water to make steam to spin a turbine |
| How is a concentrated solar system used in home-scale systems? | solar pool heater |
| How is a concentrated solar system used in home-scale systems? | solar pool heater |
| How is a concentrated solar system used in large-scale systems? | large concentration in the desert to heat a warehouse |
| How do Photovoltaic Cells work? | photons hit panel -> electrons excited -> electrons move to lower level -> shortage of electrons in the surface, excess in lower layer -> wires connecting take electrons back to the surface, creating an electric current |
| How are photovoltaic cells used in small-scale systems? | charge phone |
| What type of biomass is used most (in the world)? | wood |
| How can biomass be used to produce fuel? | processing: convert to sugar, get rid of bacteria use yeast to turn sugar into ethanol distill to get rid of byproducts dehydrate - get rid of water |
| What is the potential drawback of using corn? | uses a lot of food, and the energy it outputs is only slightly greater than the input energy |
| What are fuels made from biomass? | biofuels |
| What alternatives to making biofuels might be more efficient than corn? | photobioreactors - use algae |
| How can biomass be used to generate electricity? | use an anaerobic digester -> break down the food -> byproduct: methane -> methane can make electricity |
| What is geothermal heat? | Using Earth's natural heating system to make power |
| Can geothermal be used utility scale? | Yes |
| How does a heat pump work? | cooling: liquid refrigerant evaporates heating: liquid refrigerant condenses |
| How does a fuel cell work? | uses hydrogen ions to get electrons off, then getting protons. then the protons mix with electrons from another source. then they become hydrogen. if oxygen intake is allowed water is made. the electrons moving creates an electrical current |
| What are the advantages of switching to renewable energy sources? | solar and wind costs are way down, even lower than coal and natural gas fossil fuels emissons bad |
| What is fossil fuel divestment? | people with money/companies are investing less in fossil fuels |
| What can you do to reduce Energy use? | turn off unused appliances unplug when i leave wash full loads of dishes/laundry keep filters clean for furnaces plug leaks add insulation use energy efficient lighting consider efficiency when making large purchases |
| Consider all of the waste generated in the United states- what makes up the bulk of our waste? | food |
| What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)? | garbage produced, hard to reuse/recycle because made of more than one material |
| How has the total amount of Municipal solid waste changed in the last several decades? | up a lot |
| Are we recycling more or less than we did decades ago? | more |
| How has the total amount of per capita/person Municipal solid waste changed in the last several decades? | per capita stabilized around in the 90s but recently went up a bit |
| Where does most of our MSW go in the United States? | most of our waste goes to landfills |
| Where are open dumps more common? | developing countries |
| What environmental hazards are associated with these sites? | trash and toxic chemicals go into the air and the water, fires, sharps/hazards |
| Why is ocean dumping a problem? | it doesn't stay where you dump it |
| When did we stop ocean dumping of waste for US cities? | 1992 |
| Why is Fishing gear (as waste a problem) in the ocean? | many made of plastics and take a while to degrade many marine organisms get stuck |
| What risk could the great pacific garbage patch pose for marine organisms? | animals don't know to avoid plastic and eat it/get stuck in it |
| Why are land hermit crabs vulnerable plastic waste? | hermit crabs are vulnrable without shells and can outgrow their shells -> hermit crabs always looking for shells -> crabs go in plastic bottles and get stuck |
| What does it mean for a landfill to be “sanitary”? | lined, modern, built to keep the stuff in the landmill inside the landfill; covered with dirt to keep animals from disturbing the landfill |
| Are landfills common in Michigan? Is this industry growing or declining? | Yes - the industry is growing |
| How might our landfill fees relate to our recycling rate in Michigan? | we have low fees, drawing in other states and Canada |
| What fossil fuel is generated in landfills? What is typically done with it? | methane - burned |
| Why is incineration used to dispose of MSW in some cities? | generates energy and deals with non-recyclables |
| What are the environmental hazards associated with incineration? | makes ash/hazardous airborne emissions |
| What is the best way to reduce our waste stream? | not produce the waste in the first place |
| What are the three Rs | Reduce - avoid excessive packaging, buy in bulk, avoid non-recycled materials Re-Use - avoid single use Recycle - turns discarded materials into something new |
| How is Down-cycling different from Up-cycling? | down cycling: high quality to low quality up cycling: low quality to high quality |
| Give an example of down cycling | paper to kitty litter |
| Give an example of up cycling | art made out of trash |
| Why is it important to separate your recycled materials? | increases chance items get recycled and not incinerated |
| What are the environmental benefits of recycling? | picking up,sorting, and processing recyclables is often less expensive than storing it in a landfill we spend less money getting new, raw materials then producing them |
| What type waste can be composted? | food/yard waste |
| What breaks composted waste down? | bacteria |
| What can be done with the finished product from composting? | nutrient rich soil which can be used for gardening |
| List the qualifications of something to qualify as hazardous waste? | fatal to humals or lan animals in low doses toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic ignitable corrosive explosive/highly reactive |
| What did The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act do? | problem: company leaves place hazardous, instead of cleaning it up files for bankruptcy solution: lets government come in and clean it up |
| What is The Comprehensive Environmental Response also known as? | Superfund act |
| What is a brownfield? | abandoned due to real/suspected pollution |
| What should you do with unused medications? Why is this important? | take it to a place for drug disposal not down toilet: wastewater places not suited to deal with this bad in landfill |
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