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BIO 231 Exam 1
Chapters 1-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of structural organization (smallest to largest) | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| Physiology is _____________ and __________ of the _____________ | Chemistry and function of the body |
| All systems are ____________ to form you. | Interconnected |
| Name the 11 organ systems | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (male and female) |
| Integumentary System | external body covering; what separates you from the external environment; keeps the good stuff in and the bad stuff out (1st line of defense) |
| Skeletal System | protects and supports body organs; provides the framework for muscles to create movement; stores minerals in bones; produces white blood cells |
| Muscular System | Attaches to skeletal system (contracting muscles=bone movement), maintains posture, produces heat |
| Nervous System | control system of the body, regulates and transfers information, place where most functions of the body are regulated. A 2 part system- central nervous (process information) and peripheral nervous (transfer information). |
| Neuron | 1 cell (short or long), sends info through electrical impulses |
| Endocrine System | Glands secrete hormones that regulate body processes |
| Hormones | Steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions |
| Cardiovascular System | heart pumps blood so that it can transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients |
| Lymphatic System | transfers fluids leaked by blood vessels back to the blood (1 way system), cleans the blood in the process, houses white blood cells |
| Respiratory System | Provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide |
| Digestive System | breakdown of food into units able to be absorbed by the body and distributed by blood. Indigestible food is eliminated in the feces. |
| Urinary System | kidney filters the blood and eliminates unneeded or harmful wastes in urine |
| Reproductive Systems | Produce offspring (made from same tissues) |
| Homeostasis | The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, even though external conditions vary. Balance. Keeping in a specific range |
| Negative Feedback | Bring into homeostasis or equilibrium. A search for balance within a range. |
| Positive Feedback | Process kicks on until problem is solved |
| Human Anatomical Position | Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms outward, thumbs out. |
| Cross Sections (3 types) | Frontal, median, transverse planes |
| Midsagittal Plane | Vertical plane that divides the body (down the midline) into left and right parts |
| Frontal Plane | Vertical plane that divides the anterior from the posterior |
| Transverse Plane | Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| Superior (Cranial) | Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
| Inferior (Cadual) | Away from the head end of toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
| Venral | Toward the front of the body |
| Dorsal | Toward the back of the body; behind |
| Medial | Toward or at the midline of the body; or the inner side of |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| Intermediate | Between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| Proximal | Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Distal | Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Superficial | Toward the body surface |
| Deep | Away from the body surface; more internal |
| Anatomy is _________ and _____________ | Structure and identification |
| States of matter | Solid, matter, gas |
| Primary elements of our bodies | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| Energy | The capacity to do work |
| Chemical energy | stored in bonds |
| Electrical energy | movement of charged particles |
| Mechanical energy | involved in moving matter |
| Kinetic energy | Energy expended in action |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| A lot of energy is often wasted when performing work. The body tries to minimize energy loss by recycling. Example of ATP vs. ADP | KNOW THIS :) |
| Atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus. defines the element. |
| Mass number | sum of atom's protons and neutrons |
| Atomic weight | takes into account the average of various isotopes in nature (use % of each isotope in nature) |
| Isotopes | Same element, different number of neutrons |
| Radio isotopes | Heavy, can decay or loose energy. Used to visualize and localize cancerous cells |
| Inert | Cannot bond. Full valence shell. |
| 2 very reactive elements | Carbon and hydrogen |
| Ionic bonding | giving or receiving of an electron. results in ions (charges) |
| Ions | Charged particles |
| Covalent bonds | shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms. search for stability |
| Breaking of bonds | release energy. stronger the bond, the more energy is released. |
| Polar covalent | attract to each other due to each molocule's slight charge |
| Nonpolar covalent | No charge is associated |
| What constitutes an acid or a base? | Acids are proton donors. Bases are proton acceptors. |
| Buffers | Can accept or donate protons |
| Proteins | Construction and physiological function. Consist of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Contain amino groups -NH2 |
| Amino acids (Primary structure) | Polypeptide strand |
| Amino acids (Secondary structure) | Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
| Beta pleated sheet | Individual chains are linked together side-by-side with hydrogen bonds |
| Alpha helix | Individual polypeptide chains are wound into a helical shape due to hydrogen bonds. |
| Tertiary structure | Polypeptide alpha helices wind due to intramolocular bonds. |
| Quaternary structure | Wound polypeptide chains create linkage. Winding protects these complex structures. Inermolecular winding is VERY compact. |
| Protein denaturation | unwinding of proteins due to enzymes, temperature, or acidity. can recoil unless damaged by extreme conditions (this is why fevers are bad). |
| Enzymes | Biological catalysts. Decrease the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. They do this by combining with the reactants and holding them in the protper position to interact. |
| Dipeptide products | Joined amino acids (by enzyme). Fewer "keys" needed to open a "lock." |
| Purines | Adenine and guanine |
| Pyramidines | Cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| Base pairs | Adenine bonds with thymine. Cytosine binds with guanine. (In RNA, Adenine binds with uracil) |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate- usable cellular energy. The third phosphate is unstable, resulting in a broken bond and released energy (forming ADP). Used to shorten/lengthen muscles, combine molocules, transport solutes across a membrane |
| Krebbs cycle | transformation of ADP back to ATP |
| Active transport | requires ATP |
| Passive transport | does not require energy to occur |
| Cell functions | Storage, communication, work, construction |
| Epithelial cells | protective barriers |
| Fibroblasts | bind and keep things in place |
| Erethrocytes | Red blood cells |
| Types of muscles | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| Fat cells | hold fluids and nutrients |
| Macrophage | Cell that fights disease |
| Nerve cells | Gathers information and controls body function |
| Reproductive cells | Sperm and egg. Sperm is only cell with flagella |
| Plasma membrane | all cells have this: phospholipid bilaryer. |
| 2 parts of phopsholipid | Polar (hydrophyllic) heads and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails. (These allow for the manipulation and repair of the membrane) |
| Intermembrane proteins | allow for transportation of information |
| Transport Proteins | Passive transport- a channel allows a particular solute to pass through. Active transport- ATP used for activation. |
| Proteins used for intercellular joining | 2 proteins join together to connect two cells. |
| Proteins for enzymatic activity | Intermembrane proteins used catalyze a reaction or translate a message |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins bonded to small sugars. Used for cell identification |
| Signal transduction | Chemical messengers can bind to a specific binding site outside of the cell to communicate a message to the insides of a cell. |
Created by:
eewolf
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