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Biology Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Capsid | a protein coat that protects the nucleic acid and helps the virus attach the host cells |
| Envelope | some virus has outer lipid membrane derived from host cells, containing proteins that help virus enter host cells |
| Attachment | the virus binds to specific receptors on the host cell |
| Entry | the virus enters the host cell through various mechanisms |
| Uncoating | once inside the cell, the viral capsid is degrading, releading the viral nucleic acid |
| Replication/Transcription | the viral nucleic acid uses the host cell machinary to replicate and produce new viral proteins |
| Assembly/Release | new viral particles are assembled within the host cels and then released to infect other cells |
| What are the basic mechanisms incolved in a viral infection? | Attachment, Entry, Uncoating, Replication, Release |
| Lysogeny | state in whichvirus becomes dormant within a bacterial cell without causing immediate cell lysis |
| Lytic Phase | Viral replication process where a virus infects an host cell, rapidly replicates its own genetic material, and eventually causes the host cell to burst, releasing new viral particles |
| Latency | period when a microbe or virus is present in a host but is not actively replicating or causing symptoms |
| emerging virus | those that have arisen recently or have recently shown a greater probability of causing an infection |
| Viroids | RNA molecule that infect plant cells |
| Prions | infectious protein that causes disease by inducing the abnormal folding of other protein molecules |
| What is a bacterial chromosome? | a singled orgin of replication that functions an an initiation site assembly for several proteins that are required for DNA replication |
| Plasmids | small-circular pieces of DNA that exists separately from the bacterial chromosomes |
| Gene Transfer | process of introducing genetical material, such as DNA or RNA, into a cell, or organism |
| Conjugation | type of gene transfer between bacteria that involves a direct physical interaction between two bacterial cells |
| Transformation | process in which DNA is released into the environment and taken up by another bacterial cell |
| Transduction | virus infection a bacterial cell and then newly made virus subsequently transfers some of that cells DNA to another bacterium |
| Gene Cloning | process of making multiple copies of a particular gene |
| Restriction enzymes | recognize a particular DNA sequence and cleaves the DNA backbone at 2 sites |
| Gel electrophoresis | techinque used to separate macromolecules by applying an electric feild that csudrd them to migrate through a gel matrix |
| polymerase chain reaction(PCR) | techinque are used that many copies of a gene in vitro; primers are used that flank the region of DNA to be amplified |
| DNA sequencing | procedure used to determine the base sequence of DNA |
| Biogeography | study of geographic distribution of extinct and living species |
| Selective Breeding | programs and procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species |
| Convergent Evolution | whereby species from different lineages independent develop similar characteristics |
| Fossils | fossils are compared according to age, from oldest to youngest |
| Homologies | Anatomical, Developmental, Molecular |
| Anatomical | Homologous structures that are anatomically similar to each other cause the evolved from a common ancestor |
| Developmental | analysis of embrace development often reveals features that point to past evoluntary relationships |
| Molecular | molecular level, certain characteristics are found in all living cells, suggesting that all living species are derived from an irrational group of common ancestors |
| natural selection | is the process by which individual with certain heritable traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates |
| Adaptation | changes in population of living organisms that are results of natural selection and that increase their ability to survive and reproduce in their environment |
| Directional selection | pattern of natural selection that favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotype distrubutation |
| Stabilizing selection | pattern of natural selection that favors the survival of individuals with intermiate phenotypes |
| Diversifying selection | survival of 2 or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes |
| Balancing selection | maintains genetic diversity om a population |
| what are the natural selection modes? | Directional, Stabilizing, Diversifying, Balancing |
| reproductive success | likeihood that an individual will contribute fertile offspring to the next generation |
| fitness | a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation as compared with other genotypes |
| sexual selection | directed at a certain traits of sexually reproducing species that make it more likely for individuals to find or choose a mate |
| intrasexual | occurs via competition between members of the same sec for the oppurinty to mate with individuals of opposite sex |
| intersexual | sexual selection between members of the opposite sex |
| genetic drift | random change in a population allele frequencies from one generation to the next that is attributable to chance |
| Bottleneck effect | change in allele frequencies due to genetic drifts in a population that has been dramatically reduced in size, effect can reduce the genetic diversity of population |
| Founder effect | genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals separate from a larger population and establishes a colony in a new location |
| Gene Flow | transfer of alleles into or out of a population that occurs when fertilize migrates between populations having a different allele frequencies |
| nonrandom mating | occurs when individuals choose their mate based on their genotypes or phenotypes |
| Systematics | study of a biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among species, both extinct and extant |
| Taxonomy | field of biology that is concerned with the theory, practice, and rules of classifying living and extinct species |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or a group species |
| Cladograms | phylogenetic tree constructed by using a cladistics approach |
| Clade | group of species consisting of a common ancestral species and all of its descendent species |
| monophyletic group | group of species, a taxon, that is a clade |
| paraphyletic group | group of species that contains a common ancestor, and some, but not all, of its descendents |
| Polyphyletic group | group of species that consists of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent ancestor |
| Phylogenetic trees | diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species, based on the information available to and gathered by systematics |
| Nucleic Acid | viral genome, which can either DNA or RNA, single or doubled stranded |
Created by:
bayleeslaw
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