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Ap Biology Ch. 3
Water and the Fitness of the Environment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cohesion | The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| adhesion | The attraction between different kinds of molecules |
| surface tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
| kinetic energy | The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. |
| heat | The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form |
| temperature | A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
| Celsius scale | A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C |
| calorie (cal) | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie, usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie |
| kilocalorie (kcal) | A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C |
| joule (J) | A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J |
| specific heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C |
| heat of vaporization | The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
| evaporative cooling | The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state |
| solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known |
| solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| hydration shell | The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
| hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water |
| colloid | A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of theri large size) remain suspended in that liquid |
| hydrophobic | Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water |
| molecular mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight |
| mole (mol) | The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogrado's number of molecules |
| molarity | A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| hydrogen ion | A single proton with a charge of 1 +. The dissociation of a water molecule (H₂0) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) |
| hydroxide ion | A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH- |
| acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14 |
| buffer | A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH wheen extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution |
| acid precipitation | Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic that pH 5.6 |
Created by:
gnomealot
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