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Bio Exam Unit 11
Classification, six kingdoms, animal behaviors
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classification | grouping of objects based on similarities |
| taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms |
| Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) | -First to classify organisms -Two groups- plants vs. animals -Subdivided according to habitat: land, sea, and air |
| Who created the earliest classification system? | Aristotle |
| Who created the current classification system? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Carolus linnaeus (1707-1778) | -Uses physical and structural similarities to group organisms -developed the system f binomial nomenclature |
| Binomial nomenclature | -Each species is given a 2 part scientific name -genus and species -first name = genus -second name = species |
| How do you write a binomial nomenclature? | -Capitalize the genus -Lowercase the species -Italicized when typing -Underlined when handwritten |
| Taxa | The categories into which related organisms are placed (taxon - singular) |
| How many levels of classification are there? (Taxa) | 8 |
| What are the taxonomic levels in order from broadest to most specific? | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| What is the broadest taxon? | Domain |
| What is the most specific taxon? | Species |
| How do you remember the taxonomic levels in order? | -"Does King Phillip Come Over For Good Sex?" -"Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Stools?" |
| How many domains are there? | 3 |
| Name all of the domains | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| How many kingdoms are there? | 6 |
| Name the kingdoms | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria |
| Archaea | -Prokaryotic organisms -Live in extreme conditions (high temp, salinity, pH, ect) |
| Bacteria (aka Eubacteria) | -prokaryotic organisms -live in normal environments |
| Eukarya | -Eukaryotic organisms -Subdivided into 4 kingdoms |
| What 4 kingdoms is Eukarya subdivided into? | Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi |
| What is the binomial nomenclature for humans? | Homo sapiens |
| Characteristics of fungi | -Uni- or multicellular Eukaryotes -Heterotrophs -Asexual or sexual (spores) |
| Examples of fungi | Mushrooms, mold, and yeast |
| Characteristics of animals | -Multicellular Eukaryotes -Heterotrophs -Sexual (egg and sperm) |
| Examples of animals | Reptiles, birds, and mammals |
| Characteristics of plants | -Multicellular Eukaryotes -Autotrophs -Mostly sexual (pollen) (but can do asexual) |
| Examples of plants | Trees, flowers, moss |
| Characteristics of Eubacteria | -Unicellular Prokaryotes -Autotrophs and heterotrophs -Asexual reproduction |
| Examples of Eubacteria | "Modern bacteria", E. coli, Salmonella |
| Characteristics of Archaebacteria | -Unicellular prokaryotes -Autotrophs and heterotrophs -Asexual reproduction |
| Examples of Archaebacteria | Extremophiles |
| Characteristics of protista | -Unicellular Eukaryotes -Auto- and heterotrophs -Mostly asexual |
| Examples of protista | Euglena, amoeba, and protozoans |
| How do scientists determine evolutionary relationships? | Fossil records, Genetic similarity in DNA and protein sequences, and Anatomical similarities |
| Examples of Genetic similarities in DNA and protein sequences | Cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and kale all have almost identical chromosomes |
| Examples of Anatomical similarities | -Lions, housecats, and cougars all have retractable claws -mammals all nurse their young after birth -reptiles lay eggs -birds have feathers |
| Phylogenetic tree | Diagram that represents the evolutionary history or a group f organisms (the closer the branches, the more related the organisms) (the further from the tree trunk, the more recently the organism evolved) |
| Cladogram | Used to show evolutionary relatedness through shared characteristics |
| Dichotomous key | Key with 2 alternative choices used to identify species |
| Behavior | Anything an animal deos in response to a stimulus in it's environment |
| Innate behavior | -You are born knowing how to do it (inherited) -done perfectly the first time, even without previous exposure to stimulus |
| Learned behavior | -have to "learn" or acquire it -Changes through practise or experience |
| Social behavior | communication within a species or done for benefit of group/others |
| Automatic response | -reflex -Quick; no conscious control -Done without thinking about it |
| Fight or flight | -Occurs when placed in a threatening/scary situation -Prepares your body to stay and defend your territory or quickly get away |
| Taxis | Movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| Phototaxis | Movement or away from light (Ex. Bugs attracted to porch light) |
| Chemotaxis | Move toward/away from chemical or food (Ex. Move toward kitchen when smell bacon or bug spray to repel bugs) |
| Instinctive behaviors | Innate behaviors that are characteristic of a specific species - some species born knowing how to but not all (ex. only spiders are born knowing how to build webs and same with birds and nests) |
| Courtship | Behaviors males and females carry out to attract mates (Ex. sounds/songs, visual displays -puff/beat chest, show feathers, show healthy tissue color/size- dances, chemical signs |
| What typically has to happen for the opportunity to mate? | The male has to impress the female |
| Territoriality | Defending a physical space (territory), offspring, mates - song, calls, intimidation, marking territory (pee on it to leave scent), attack, chase |
| Aggression | Threatening behavior - gain control over another, establish leadership- (Ex. Dog growling) |
| Dominance Hierarchy | Form of social ranking within a group (assign roles) (Ex. Pecking order in chickens, baboons, alpha male in wolfpack, boss at work) |
| Circadian Rhythm | 24 hour cycle of behavior that is stimulated by light/dark (day/night) (Ex. Sleep wake cycle) |
| Migration | seasonal or periodic movement of animals in response to changes in climate (search for food or mates) |
| Hibernation | Organism's metabolism slows down as they sleep through cold winter (Survive food scarcity) (lower body temp, breathing, oxygen consumption) |
| Estivation | Organism's metabolism slows down as animals sleep through hot or dry conditions (allows reptiles to stay cool) |
| Habituation | Occurs when an organism gets used to stimulus and no longer responds to it (ignore it)- something happens repeatedly without punishment or reward- |
| Imprinting | Young animal comes to recognize another animal, person, or thing as a parent or other object of habitual trust - strong attachment/bond to something - (Ex. Gostlings follow their mother) |
| Trial and error | Behavior that teaches you how to learn a skill - try something over and over until you finally figure it out - (Ex. Riding a bike, hunting prey, ect) (usually rewarded for behavior) |
| Classical conditioning | Learning by association - organisms learn to do a certain thing or know something is about to happen by a certain stimulus in the environment (Ex. Pavlov's dogs) |
| What was Pavlov's Dog experiment? | Dogs associate bell with getting fed |
| Insight | Animal uses it's past experiences and knowledge to respond to something new - problem solving - |
| Examples of social behavior | night watch for predators, hunt in groups, grooming each other, communicating/passing info to each other |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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