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APES Vocab
Human Health and Environmental Risks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| acute disease | a disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism |
| acute study | an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration |
| allergen | a chemical that causes allergic reactions |
| bioaccumulation | an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time |
| biomagnification | the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain |
| bird flu | a type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus |
| carcinogen | a chemical that causes cancer |
| chronic disease | a disease that slowly impairs the functioning of an organism |
| chronic study | an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration |
| disease | any impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms |
| dose-response study | a study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction |
| Ebola hemorrhagic fever | an infectious disease with high death rates, caused by the Ebola virus |
| ED50 | the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect |
| emergent infectious disease | an infectious disease that has not been previously described or has not been common for at least 20 years |
| endocrine disruptor | a chemical that interferes with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body |
| environmental hazard | anything in the environment that can potentially cause harm |
| epidemic | a situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | a type of virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| infectious disease | a disease caused by a pathogen |
| innocent-until-proven-guilty principle | a principle based on the belief that a potential hazard should not be considered an actual hazard until the scientific data definitively demonstrate that it actually causes harm |
| LD50 | the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study |
| mad cow disease | a disease in which prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cow’s nervous system |
| malaria | a fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells; transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions |
| mutagen | a type of carcinogen that causes damage to the genetic material of a cell |
| neurotoxin | a chemical that disrupts the nervous systems of animals |
| pandemic | an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region |
| persistence | the length of time a chemical remains in the environment |
| plague | an infectious disease caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that is carried by fleas |
| precautionary principle | a principle based on the belief that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard |
| prion | a small, beneficial protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen |
| prospective study | a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future |
| REACH | a 2007 agreement among the nations of the European Union about regulation of chemicals; the acronym stands for registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals |
| retrospective study | a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past |
| route of exposure | the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | a type of flu caused by a coronavirus |
| solubility | how well a chemical dissolves in a liquid |
| Stockholm Convention | a 2001 agreement among 127 nations concerning 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced |
| sublethal effect | the effect of an environmental hazard that is not lethal, but which may impair an organism’s behavior, physiology, or reproduction |
| swine flu | a type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus |
| synergistic interaction | a situation in which two risks together cause more harm than expected based on the separate effects of each risk alone |
| teratogen | a chemical that interferes with the normal development of embryos or fetuses |
| tuberculosis | a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily infects the lungs |
| West Nile virus | a virus that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes |
Created by:
mmcgra1236
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