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Nutrition Ch.4
Carbohydrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structure of Carbohydrates | C6+H12+O6= standard chemical structure, usually forms 5 or 6 sized rings |
| Monosaccharides | Single unit sugar, includes glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Glucose | Hexagon (6 sized ring); mildly sweet; most common fuel molecules for the body |
| Fructose | Pentagon (5 sized ring); very sweet; found in fruit, honey and corn; Used to be called Levulose |
| Galactose | Hexagon (6 sized ring); found in milk |
| Condensation | Splitting of a H and OH from two different molecules to form water and forming a bond between the two molecules |
| Hydrolysis | Water splits and attacks a bond causing a molecule to break |
| Disaccharides | Two sugar units, includes sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
| Sucrose | Made of fructose and glucose; taste very sweet; table sugar |
| Lactose | Made of galactose and glucose; found in milk |
| Maltose | Made of two glucose; found in grains |
| Complex carbohydrates | AKA polysaccarides, many sugar units, includes glycogen and starch |
| Glycogen | A lot of glucose joined together for storage in the liver or muscle, possible to break down |
| Starch | A lot of glucose joined together for storage in plants, possible to break down |
| Maltase | An enzyme that breaks down maltose |
| Sucrase | An enzyme that breaks down sucrose |
| Lactase | An enzyme that breaks down lactose |
| Lactose Intolerance | Caused by too little lactase; the lactose remains in the intestine and attracts water; causes diarrhea; bacteria use the sugar and produce acids and gases |
| Glycogenesis | The formation of glycogen |
| Glycogenolysis | The break down of glycogen |
| Gluconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from proteins or fats |
| Effects of epinephrine | Release by the adrenal glands and autonomic nervous system during stress and fear, causes the breakdown of glycogen |
| Health effects and misconceptions about sugar | Sugar is not unnatural; temporary excess does not causes harm; does not causes diabetes or ulcers; does not cause hyperactivity, but can contribute to it; does cause cavities |
| Recommended carbohydrate intake | 50 to 60% of daily calories |
| Fiber | Molecule found in plants that cannot be broken down by human enzymes |
| Cellulose | Found in plants cell wall, made completely of glucose |
| Hemicellulose | A branching molecule made of many different monosaccarides, found in cereals |
| Pectins | Contain many monosaccarides, found in fruits and vegetables, found in gel in water |
| Gums and Mucilages | Composed of many monosaccarides, used by plants to seal injuries |
| Lignin | Strong fiber found in tough woody parts of plants, such as in carrots or seeds |
| Phytic Acid | Component of plant seeds, combined minerals ad carries it out of the body, can cause mineral deficiency |
| Health effects of fiber | Speed movement thru the intestines, reduce colon cancer, lower blood cholesterol, help with weight control, no calories, can causes gases and less nutrients absorption |
| Recommend intake of fiber | 20 to 30 grams a day |
| Diverticulosis | Having weakness and bulging in the intestinal walls, fiber can help reduces bulges |
| Raw sugar | The first product made in sugar processing, contain dirt and contaminants, not legal in USA |
| Turbinado sugar | Refined and cleaned, but not bleached |
| Molasses | Thick brown syrup of sugar |
| Granulated sugar | Crystalline sucrose, 99.9% pure |
| Confectioner;s sugar | Finely grind sucrose |
| Brown sugar | Refined white sugar with molasses added |
| Maple sugar | Mostly sucrose from the sap of maple trees |
| Dextrose | Old name of glucose |
| 4 parts of a wheat kernel | Outermost- Husk (cannot eat), Next layer- Bran (tough fiber), Next layer- Endosperm (white carbohydrate), Innermost- Germ (embryo) |
| Whole grain flour | Contain the germ, endosperm, and bran |
| Unbleached flour | Tan colored endosperm flour |
| White flour | Endosperm flour which has been refined and bleached |
| Enrichment Act of 1942 | Requires that vitamins and minerals be added to bread |
| 4 FDA approved artifical sweeteners | Saccharin, Aspartame/Nutrasweet, Acesulfame potassium, and Sucralose/Splenda |
| Saccharin | 450 times sweeter than normal sugar, has a metallic after taste |
| Aspartame/ Nutrasweet | Made of two amino acids, 200 times sweeter than normal sugar, Losing its sweetness with cooking |
| Acesulfame Potassium | AKA Sunnette, organic acid, 200 times sweeter than normal sugar, stable at all temperatures |
| Sucralose/ Splenda | Sucrose with chlorine attached, 600 times sweeter than normal sugar |
| Artifical Sweetners under consideration | Alitame and Cyclamate |
| Alitame | Made of two amino acids, 2000 times sweeter than normal sugar |
| Cyclamate | 30 times sweeter, Caution: bacteria in intestine may be able to turn it into a carcinogen (cancer causing cell) |
| Sugar alcohols | Occurs naturally, have about half the calories, some have a chemical after taste, absorb slower so helpful to diabetic, often can cause gas and diarrhea, cannot cause cavities. Ex= Sorbitol, Xylitol, and Truvia |
Created by:
Futuredoctor09
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