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BIO EXAM #4
chapters 11, 12, 32
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mutation | a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA molecule |
| diploid | have 2 copies of every chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes |
| phenotype | visible features of a person |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an individual |
| recombination | maternal and paternal chromosome pair and exchange DNA segments during meiosis |
| independent assortment | alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis |
| gametes | specialized reproductive cells- sperm and egg- haploid |
| haploid | have only one copy of every chromosome |
| meiosis | type of cell division that produces genetically unique haploid gametes |
| zygote | diploid cell capable of developing into adult organism. formed from sperm fertilizing egg |
| embryo | early stage of development when zygote undergoes mitosis |
| recessive allele | allele that reveals itself in phenotype only if a dominant allele is not present |
| dominant allele | allele that masks presence of recessive allele- determines phenotype |
| heterozygous | having 2 different alleles for a give gene |
| homozygous | having 2 identical alleles for a given gene |
| Punnett square | diagram to determine probabilities of offspring- having a genotype based on genotypes of parents |
| carrier | individual who is heterozygous for a recessive allele- no phenotype shown and can pass on to offspring |
| allele | alternate version of same gene with different nucleotide sequences |
| amniocentesis | procedure to remove fluid around fetus to analyze chromosomal makeup |
| androgens | class of sex hormones preset in higher levels in men- testosterone, leads to male traits like facial hair, deep voice |
| estrogens | class of sex hormones preset in higher levels in women- estradiol, supports sexual development |
| aneuploidy | abnormal of 1 or more chromosomes- extra or missing copies |
| autosomes | paired chromosomes present in both males and females- all except X and Y chromosomes |
| codominance | both alleles are displayed in phenotype of a heterozygote- ex. AB blood type |
| continuous variation | variation in population showing range of phenotypes rather than discrete traits- ex. height |
| gonads | sex organs- ovaries and testes |
| karyotype | chromosomal makeup of cells |
| multifactorial inheritance | interaction between genes and environment that contribute to phenotype |
| nondisjunction | leads to aneuploid gametes- chromosomes do not separate correctly during cell division |
| pedigree | visual representation of phenotypes across generations |
| polygenic traits | a trait determined by interaction of alleles from multiple genes |
| trisomy 21 | an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| X-linked traits | phenotype determined by allele on an X chromosome |
| Y-chromosome analysis | comparisons of alleles on Y chromosome to examine paternal ancestry |
| epigenetics | changes in gene expression not based on changes in the DNA sequence |
| methylation | a mechanism of epigenetics- environment alters methyl groups of a gene- ex. the rat licking experiment |
| incomplete dominance | type of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between 2 homozygotes |
| virus | noncellular infectious particles |
| immune system | cell and tissues that act to defend the body against infectious agents |
| pathogens | infectious agents that cause disease- fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites |
| immunity | protection from a pathogen inferred by activity of the immune system |
| innate immunity | nonspecific defenses- physical and chemical barriers that act fast and present from birth- ex. saliva, nose hairs, skin, inflammation |
| adaptive immunity | protective response carried out by lymphocytes- long lasting immunity, has memory |
| inflammation | innate immune defense activated by infection or injury- redness, heat, swelling, pain |
| histamine | molecule released by damaged tissue and during allergic reactions- promotes inflammation |
| phagocyte | white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and debris |
| fever | increased body temperature- good for immune system but bad for pathogens |
| macrophage | "Big eaters"- type of phagocyte/white blood cell |
| neutrophil | type of white blood cell |
| natural killer cell | type of white blood cell- part of the innate immune system, don't need to be activated by T cells, they are always ready to attack |
| interferons | cytokines- released by infected cells to trigger more immune response |
| complement proteins | proteins in blood that destroy pathogens |
| lyphocyte | class of white blood cells- includes T cells, B cells, killer T cells, and memory cells |
| B cells | white blood cells from bone marrow- produce antibodies during adaptive immune response |
| thymus | where T cells mature and are stored |
| T cells | White blood cells that fight infection- created in bone marrow, stored in thymus |
| helper T cells | T cells that activate other lymphocytes- cytotoxic T cells and B cells |
| killer T cells | cytotoxic cells- attacks and destroys infected or foreign cells |
| lymph nodes | small organs in lymphatic system where B and T cells fight pathogens |
| lymphatic system | system of vessels/organs that drains fluid from tissues through lymph nodes to blood |
| humoral immunity | type of adaptive immunity that fights free-floating pathogens in blood and lymph |
| antibody | protein produced by B cells, fight infections by binding to antigens on pathogens |
| antigen | part of a molecule to which immune receptors bind- adaptive immune response attacks these |
| plasma cell | activated by B cell, divides and secretes antibodies rapidly |
| memory cell | plasma (B or T) lymphocyte cells that remembers pathogens, long term immunity, key for adaptive immune system |
| cell mediated immunity | type of adaptive immunity that rids body of infected, cancerous, or foreign cells |
| cytotoxic T cell | T cell that destroys infected, cancerous, or foreign cells |
| allergy | immune response against environmental substances- dust, pollen, foods- histamine response |
| autoimmune disease | misdirected immune response against own healthy cells |
| primary immune response | adaptive response the first-time immune system encounters a particular antigen |
| secondary immune response | rapid and strong immune response when immune system encounters a known pathogen (antigen) |
| vaccine | weakened or killed pathogen that is administered to people to trigger adaptive immune response |
| herd immunity | protection of a population form an infection based on the percentage of members being immune |
| antigenic drift | changes in viruses, antigens on viruses, from a genetic mutation |
| antigenic shift | changes in viruses when on strain exchanges genetic material with another |
Created by:
Ellah1123
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