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APES Vocab
Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adaptation | a trait that improves an individual’s fitness |
| allopatric speciation | the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation |
| bottleneck effect | a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size |
| distribution | areas of the world in which a species lives |
| evolution | a change in the genetic composition of a population over time |
| evolution by artificial selection | the process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind |
| evolution by natural selection | the process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce |
| extinction | the death of the last member of a species |
| fitness | an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce |
| founder effect | a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals |
| fundamental niche | the suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce |
| gene | a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism |
| gene flow | the process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations |
| genetic drift | a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species |
| genotype | the complete set of genes in an individual |
| geographic isolation | physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species |
| macroevolution | evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla |
| mass extinction | a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time |
| microevolution | evolution below the species level |
| mutation | a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process |
| niche generalist | a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions |
| niche specialist | a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species |
| phenotype | a set of traits expressed by an individual |
| phylogeny | the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships |
| range of tolerance | the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate |
| realized niche | the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives |
| recombination | the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division |
| reproductive isolation | the result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring |
| species evenness | the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area |
| species richness | the number of species in a given area |
| sympatric speciation | the evolution of one species into two without geographic isolation |
Created by:
mmcgra1236
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