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BIOL 151 U3 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? | Apoptosis- organized cell suicide Necrosis- unorganized tissue damage cell death |
| What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? | reactants- water (6H20) + carbon dioxide (6CO2) products- (oxygen) 6O2 + (sugar) C6H12O6 |
| what type of reaction is photosynthesis? | anabolic/endergonic |
| where do the reactants come from in photosynthesis? | water- the roots via osmosis carbon- stomata on the leaves |
| where does photosynthesis take place? | in the chloroplasts |
| what is inside each chloroplast? | thylakoids- little stacks of membrane enclosed compartments (the rest of the chloroplast is called the stroma) |
| where do light reactions occur? where does calvin cycle occur? | light- thylakoids (need energy) dark- stroma (dont require light energy) |
| what do light reactions produce what do dark reactions produce | ATP, NADPH, and oxygen glucose, ADP, NADP+ |
| what are the packets of energy that light travel in called | photons |
| what is the most abundant pigment in most plants | chlorophyll A |
| where are pigments located (photosynthesis) | thylakoid membrane |
| what do LHCs do to the reaction center chlorophyll | transfer their absorbed light energy to the reaction center to start an electron transport chain |
| what is the energy gained from the electron transfer used for (photosynthesis) | used to pump protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoids (this established concentration gradient) |
| what enzyme does the thylakoid membrane contain | ATP synthase (makes ATP) |
| NADP+ and NADPH which is the reduced form and which is the oxidized form | NADP+ is the oxidized form (fewer electrons) NADPH is the reduced form (more electrons) |
| what is known as the "final electron acceptor" | NADP+ (becomes reduced to NADPH) |
| what enzyme is attaches a CO2 to RuBP forming 2 3PG molecules (calvin cycle) | rubisco |
| are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs | autotrophs |
| is photosynthesis efficient | no, only uses about 5% sunlight energy |
| what is the negative version of photosynthesis that results from climate change | photorespiration |
| What are fuel molecules used for? What is the most common/abundant fuel molecule? | store energy that will later be broken down into ATP |
| How do cells obtain energy from glucose? | they break down the energy from fuel molecules into ATP |
| What is the overall reaction of glucose breakdown (aerobic respiration)? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy |
| 4. What is glycolysis? | a metabolic process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate producing ATP and NADPH |
| 5. What is the starting material for glycolysis, and what are the products? | starts with glucose produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADPH |
| 6. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? | cytoplasm |
| 7. What is a redox reaction? | transfer of electrons (reduction/oxidation) |
| 8. How can you tell if a molecule is reduced or oxidized? | look at the H+ (more H+ means its reduced, less means its oxidized because H+ usually move with electrons) |
| 10. How does oxygen affect what happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis? | if oxygen present = cellular respiration if no oxygen present = fermentation |
| 11. What are the 3 steps of aerobic respiration? Where does each step take place? | pyruvate oxidation- matrix krebs cycle- matrix electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)- intramitochondrial membrane |
| 12. In aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvate once it enters the mitochondrion? | it loses its CO2 and gets turned into 2 acetyl coA |
| how many carbons does acetyl coA have | 2 |
| what is the first step of the krebs cycle | acetyl coA (2 carbons) binds to oAA (4 carbons) to form citrate (6 carbons) |
| what is the last step of the krebs cycle and why does that make it a cycle | oAA is regenerated making it a cycle |
| what is the point of the krebs cycle if it only produced 2 ATP | to break coA into individual CO2 molecules to reduce electron carriers (NADPH and FADH2) |
| what is the role of NAD(H+) and FAD(H2) in aerobic respiration? | they are electron carriers that convert biochemical energy to ATP |
| what are the products of the krebs cycle | 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 GTP. lose 2 CO2 |
| which step in respiration produces the most ATP | electron transport chain |
| 20. Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where do they end up afterwards? | from the reduced electron carriers NADH+ and FADH2 end up in oxygen creating water |
| 21. When electrons get passed down the ETC, energy is released. What is this energy used for | to pump protons into the intermembrane space to create a gradient |
| 22. Why would the mitochondrion want to build a H+ gradient across its inner membrane? | to power ATP production |
| 23. What is the name of the enzyme that produces ATP at the end of the ETC? | ATP synthase |
| 24. What provides the energy for ATP synthesis at the end of the ETC? | the proton (H+) gradient |
| 25. Why is oxygen essential for aerobic respiration? (What would happen if a cell “runs out” of oxygen?) | it is the final electron acceptor that forms water when attatched if cell runs out of oxygen, etc halts to a stop |
| why do we exhale water along with CO2 | because these are byproducts of respiration |
| 27. About how many ATP does respiration produce per molecule of glucose that is broken down? | 32 ATP/glucose |
| how many ATP does fermentation produces per glucose | 2 ATP/glucose |
| give situations when organism would undergo fermentation | human doing heavy exercise, organism on the ocean floor |
| what is the first step of fermentation. where does it take place | glycolysis in the cytoplasm |
| where does the rest of the process of fermentation take place | also in the cytoplasm (mitochondria not involved!) |
| what is the purpose of fermentation | to produce NAD+ |
| 35. Why would the cell want to allosterically control the enzymes involved in metabolic pathways? | for efficient use of raw materials |
| what are reasons cells divide | reproduction, growth |
| 2. Describe the 4 requirements for successful cell division | reproductive signal (inside or outside), DNA replication, segregation, cytokinesis |
| 3. What are the 3 types of cell division we went over in class? When (or for what cells) is each type appropriate? | binary fission- prokaryotes meiosis- eukaryotes sexual reproduction mitosis- eukaryotes |
| 4. What determines whether bacteria divide (what provides their cue, or signal, to reproduce)? | external factors like environment |
| how many chromosomes do bacteria have, and what do they look like | 1 chromosome that is circular |
| in eukaryotic cells, what is the cell cycle | 4 step cycle that has 4 phases (G1, S, G2, M) where its passing checkpoints and preparing for division |
| if a cell is not dividing, what part of the cycle is it in | G1 where the cell spends most of its time |
| how long does the cell cycle take | every 24 hours for adult cells |
| what are the 3 subphases of interphase and what happens in each | G1- everyday functions carried out S- DNA replication occurs G2- preparing for division |
| a cell that is not dividing and wont for a while is most likely in what substage of interphase | G0- the resting stage |
| what happens in the S phase | DNA replication where each chromosome is replicated |
| how many chromosomes do humans have | 46 |
| what is a centromere | a little dot region that holds chromatids together in the center of the cell |
| why does the cell cycle need checkpoints | to ensure that it doesnt continue damaged when it divides |
| what is the function of the RB (retinoblasma) protein in the cell | checkpoint protein that prevents cell cycle progression |
| what happens if RB is not functional | loses control over the cell cycle resulting 100% of the time in blindness |
| what is the role of cyclins/cdks in the cell | they are signals that inactivate RB and continue the cell cycle process |
| what are the 5 stages of mitosis | prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| what is cytokinesis | the division of cytoplasm that results in 2 cells |
| what does it mean when it says DNA condenses at the start of mitosis | the DNA are previously loosely wound around histone proteins, so when mitosis starts they condense to form an X shape |
| what is the goal of mitosis | to produce 2 identical cells by dividing the cell |
| why is the S phase essential before going into mitosis | it ensures that DNA is replicated and that there are 2 copies of sister chromatids |
| what happens during each stage of mitosis | prophase- DNA condenses making x shape prometaphase- nuclear envelope break down metaphase- spindle fibers from each pole line up chromosomes in middle anaphase- microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes to opposite sides telophase- spindle disappears |
| what is the spindle and what does it do | microtubules that move chromosomes around |
| how is cytokinesis different in plants vs animals | plants have cell wall, so it starts in vesicle, but in animal its microfilaments in plasma that form contractile ring |
| why would a cell undergo apoptosis | no longer needed or cell cycle checkpoint triggered it |
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paynea7
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