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Human Nutrition
Final Exam Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse side effects called? | Upper limit (UL) |
| Calories or kcalories are a unit of __________ measurement. | energy |
| The diet-planning principle that ensures that a diet provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called ______. | Adequacy |
| A patient’s height, weight, and body mass index represent which type of data in the nutrition screening process? | Anthropometric data |
| Nutrient dense refers to foods that _______. | provide more nutrient relative to kcals |
| Which type of flour is finely ground endosperm, which is usually enriched with nutrients and bleached for whiteness; sometimes called white flour? | Refined flour |
| Your classmate prefers to consume strawberries rather than other fruits. Based on what you’ve learned about influences on food choices, what would be the most likely reason your classmate prefers strawberries? | Based on his food preferences, he likes the flavor and taste of strawberries the most. |
| What are the six classes of nutrients? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
| A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the SMALLEST amount in this food? | Cornstarch |
| When are nutrition screenings taken? | Within 24 hours of patient’s admission. |
| Why are vitamins and minerals sometimes called micronutrients? | The body requires only small amounts (milligrams and micrograms) daily. |
| What is the most accurate method to determine resting metabolic rate? | Indirect calorimetry |
| Delivery of nutrient solutions directly into the vein is called “____.” | Parenteral nutrition |
| Macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and protein) are energy yielding nutrients. (T/F) | True |
| What is the screening tool that is used in clinical facilities to detect the risk of malnutrition in adults over the age of 65? | Mini Nutritional Assessment |
| Which two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit group? | Vitamins A and C |
| A nutritional assessment involves ____. | collecting and analyzing health-related data to identify nutrition problems. |
| Nutrition education allows patients to _______. | learn about the dietary factors that affect their particular medical condition. |
| Food allergies can be diagnosed by ___. | Skin prick test , antibody blood test, food elimination diets, or oral food challenges. |
| Difficulty swallowing is referred to as “______.” | Dysphagia |
| In most cases, on a low-sodium diet, the sodium level is restricted to ____ mg per day. | 2000 to 3000 |
| The _________ statement describes a nutrition problem, its etiology or cause, and the signs/symptoms. | PES |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | Vitamins A, D, E and K. |
| What are the water soluble vitamins? | Vitamins B and C. |
| What does the “S” stand for in the SOAP note charting format? | Subjective |
| The majority of body composition of healthy-weight men and women is made up of ___. | Water |
| Digestion is the breakdown of food into nutrients, which can then be broken down further for energy. (T/F) | True |
| FODMAPs are a group of small chain carbohydrates (sugars and fibers) that are commonly malabsorbed in the small intestine. (T/F) | True |
| Constipation is a disease. (T/F) | False |
| The small intestine has a large surface area and is composed of folds to increase its ability to absorb nutrients. ___ select and regulate nutrients that are absorbed. | Villi |
| Food becomes ___ (semi-liquid mass) when mixed with digestive juices. | Chyme |
| What is the brain and body’s preferred energy source? | Carbs |
| Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the body. (T/F) | True |
| Soluble fiber found in oats, bananas, peaches help reduce ___. | Diarrhea |
| Carbohydrate digestion starts in the ___ . The enzyme ___ works to begin starch digestion. | mouth, amylase |
| If fiber is present in the stomach it ___ gastric emptying. | delays |
| Intuitive Eating is a self-care eating framework, which integrates instinct, emotion, and rational thought and was created by two dietitians, Evelyn Tribole and Elyse Resch in 1995. (T/F) | True |
| Intuitive eating involves ___. | Choosing a variety of foods based on personal preference, making food choices without rules and restrictions, developing a healthy relationship with all foods, and tuning into feelings of hunger, fullness and satisfaction when eating. |
| What intuitive eating principle involves the ability to a variety of foods. choosing food you enjoy vs. what you "should" eat? | Discovering the satisfaction factor. |
| What intuitive eating principle involves thinking about food in a neutral way and allowing yourself full permission to eat all foods? | Making piece with food. |
| What intuitive eating principle involves Identifying alternative coping mechanisms for managing emotions beyond eating? | Cope with your Emotions with Kindness. |
| Diabetes mellitus refers to ___ disorders. | metabolic |
| Diabetes is characterized by elevated ___ concentrations and disordered insulin metabolism. | blood glucose |
| Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes. The defect in type 2 is ___. | insulin resistance |
| People with diabetes need to avoid foods with sugar. (T/F) | False |
| People with metabolic syndrome always have a BMI > 30 (classification of Obese). (T/F) | False |
| Hormonal changes during pregnancy can lead to to gestational diabetes. (T/F) | True |
| Vomiting is an adaptive body mechanisms that can often result in dehydration. (T/F) | True |
| ___ is the gastric acid found in the stomach that can cause gastroesophageal reflux. | Hydrochloric acid |
| Lactose is a disaccharide made up of ___ and ___. | glucose + galactose |
| Intuitive eating means eating whatever you want without limits. (T/F) | False |
| What total blood cholesterol level is considered high risk? | 240 mg/dl or above. |
| There are ___ kilocalories per gram of fat. | 9 |
| ___ amino acids are synthesized within the body. | Nonessential |
| There are different symptoms of coronary heart disease for men vs. women. (T/F) | True |
| Triglycerides consist of a ___ and three fatty acid tails. | glycerol |
| Nonessential amino acids may become essential under certain conditions and need to be supplied by the diet. (T/F) | True |
| ___ is the process when a protein uncoils or loses its shape. | Denaturation |
| High-quality proteins are named this because they supply all the essential amino acids in the proportions required by the body. (T/F) | True |
| Saturated fatty acid are ___. | fully loaded with hydrogens and have no double bonds. |
| Similar to fat and carbohydrates, protein is also easily stored in the body. (T/F) | False |
| What carries cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion? | High-density lipoproteins |
| ___ is the high-energy compound that powers all activities. | ATP |
| When the body converts food energy to cellular energy, almost half is lost as ___. | heat |
| Some amino acids enter energy pathways after being converted to pyruvate, others as acetyl CoA. Others enter the TCA (Krebs) cycle directly. (T/F) | True |
| When is energy needed by humans? | All the time. |
| Which fatty acid tends to be solid at room temperature? | Saturated fats. |
| Starvation refers to when someone chooses not to eat. Compared with fasting, when they have no choice. (T/F) | False |
| Nutritional assessment can uncover problems relating to food consumption. (T/F) | True |
| Infants, children, and pregnant women are in a state of ___ nitrogen balance. | positive |
| ___ develops from infection with HIV. This virus attacks the ___ system. | AIDS, immune |
| To ensure adequate protein intake for someone with cancer. The requirements are often between ___ and ___ g/kg/day. | 1.0, 1.6 |
| There is a cure for AIDS. (T/F) | False |
| What are some common food borne infections? | Salmonella, and Listeria. |
| When cooking meat, marinating it ahead of time will significantly decrease the chances of cancerous chemicals forming; the flames will caramelize the marinade instead of the meat. (T/F) | True |
| Amino acid converted to acetyl CoA can provide energy or be stored as fat. (T/F) | True |
| A person with anorexia typically present with an intense fear of weight gain therefore, causing severe restriction of food intake which leads to significant weight loss at the expense of physical health. (T/F) | True |
| ___ is an eating disorder characterized by periods of uncontrolled eating, strong cravings, diminished sensitivity, and compulsion without purging or compensatory behaviors. | Binge-eating disorder (BED) |
| Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDS) only impacts female athletes. (T/F) | False |
| ___ is a new food practice that allows some people to hide behind their eating disorders, because while they may eat, they obsess over food and their actions, decreasing physical and mental wellbeing. | Orthorexia |
| The number of fat cells increases during childhood, puberty, and when energy balance is positive. (T/F) | True |
| Lack of sleep stimulates ___ and decreases activity of leptin. | Ghrelin |
| What are some dangerous weight loss interventions? | Fad diets, non-prescription weight loss products, herbal products, and programs/diet books promising a quick fix. |
| Benefits of physical activity include ___. | Increase metabolism, reduce stress, decrease fat mass, and increase muscle mass. |
| Thiamin assists in the conversion of ___ to acetyl CoA. | pyruvate |
| B vitamins "give" the body energy. (T/F) | False |
| ___ found in milk, is sensitive to ultraviolet light yet heat stable. | Riboflavin |
| Vitamin B12, a water-soluble vitamin, is primarily found in foods of ___ origin. | animal |
| Fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins in that they require ___ for digestion and absorption. | bile |
| Vitamin D is essential for making and maintaining bones. Vitamin D assists in the absorption of calcium and ___. | phosphorus |
| The following are food sources of vitamin K. Leafy greens (kale and spinach), avocado, kiwi and vegetable oils. (T/F) | True |
| ___ is a fat-soluble vitamin that supports immune function and inhibits replication of the measles virus. | Vitamin A |
| Is sodium deficiency is common? | No |
| Water provides about one third of total water intake. Metabolism generates water as an end product as energy-yielding nutrients and broken down. (T/F) | True |
| ___ is a mineral that is found most abundantly in milk and milk products (cheese, yogurt, milk). | Calcium |
| ___ maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and plays a role in nerve transmissions and muscle contractions when it trades place with sodium. | Potassium |
| When too much water is lost from the body and not replaced, dehydration develops. (T/F) | True |
| Trace minerals are needed in small amounts but are very important. (T/F) | True |
| Iron participates in the electron transport chain to make ___. | ATP |
| Less iron is absorbed when stores are empty. (T/F) | False |
| Phytochemicals are found in ___ derived foods. | plant |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | The conversion of amino acids to glucose. |
| What is sarcopenia? | Age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, "muscle wasting". |
| What are the 10 intuitive eating principles? | Reject the diet mentality, honor your hunger, make peace with food, challenge the food police, discover the satisfaction factor, feel your fullness, cope with your emotions w/ kindness, respect your body, movement: feel the difference, honor your health |
| What is gastroesophageal reflux commonly called? | Heartburn |
| How many msucles are used to mix stomach contents? | Three |
| What are three common conditions that result in diaherra? | IBS, colitis, and celiac disease. |
| What is the cause of intestinal gas? | Bacterial fermentation of fiber and starch in the large intestine. |
| What are excess sugars stored as? | Glycogen |
| What are two examples of complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides? | Glycogen and starch |
| What is the storage form of energy in animals? | Glycogen |
| What is the storage form of energy in plants? | Starch |
| Where in the digestive tract does fiber attract water? | Large intestine |
| What is purpose of delaying gastric emptying? | The delay in gastric emptying increases one’s feeling of fullness and satiety. |
| What enzyme breaks done lactose? | Lactase |
| What happens if lactose is not broken down? | It attracts water. |
| Where is glycogen stored? | 1/3 in liver, 2/3 in muscles. |
| How are ketones made? | They are made from fat fragments when there is an inadequate supply of carbohydrates. |
| What nutrient prevents ketosis? | Carbs |
| Fatty acids are have an odd amount of carbons. (T/F) | False |
| What is the difference between cis- and trans-fatty acids? | Trans-fatty acids have hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond. Cis-fatty acids have both hydrogens on the same side of the double bond. |
| Glycerol and short- and medium-chain fatty acids absorbed directly into the bloodstream. (T/F) | True |
| High levels of what lipoprotein have negative health implications? | Low-density lipoproteins |
| What are chylomicrons? | Lipoprotein that contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are the least dense. |
| Where is fat stored after meals and triglycerides reassembled? | Adipose cells |
| What percentage of energy does fat provide? | 60% |
| Where are amino acids carried to during absorption? | Intestinal cells. |
| What happens to amino acids if nitrogen is removed? | They are used for energy. |
| What influences protein quality? | The protein digestibility and its amino acid composition. |
| What is anubi deamination? | The process of removing a nitrogen group from an amino acid so it can be used for energy. |
| What is transamination? | The process allows a nitrogen group to be moved from an amino acid to a keto acid. |
| Why do high-protein diet risk dehydration? | It increases urea production. |
| What are ketones? | Incomplete fat breakdown. |
| What are coupled reactions? | When energy is simultaneously consumed by reactions as energy is produced. |
| What makes up glycerol? | Glucose and pyruvate. |
| Where in a cell does the TCA cycle take place? | Mitochondria. |
| What is catabolism? | Breaks compounds and releases energy. |
| What is anabolism? | Uses energy to build compounds. |
| What is the electron transport chain and how does it work? | It captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP. The chain is a series of proteins that carry electrons. Oxygen accepts electrons. Ultimately, water is formed. |
| What is cancer cachexia? | It is an inflammatory and catabolic state resulting in anorexia, weight loss, wasting, anemia, and fatigue. |
| What is the generation of heat? | Thermogenesis |
| Several B vitamins form coenzymes. (T/F) | True |
| What is the Thiamin deficiency disease? | Beriberi |
| Nicotinic acid from supplements doesn’t cause toxicity. (T/F) | False |
| What system do fat soluble vitamins travel through? | Lymphatic |
| The kidneys are essential to regulating blood volume. (T/F) | True |
| When is the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released? | When one is dehydrated. |
| If formula is given, it should be fortified with what? | Iron |
| Sufficient carbohydrate intake protects against protein being used as energy. (T/F) | True |
| Many health care professionals recommend multivitamin mineral supplements that provide what percentage of daily values? | 100% |
| What is the main carbohydrate in breast milk? | Lactose |
| What does breastmilk have that formula lacks? | Oligosaccharides and protective antibodies. |
| When are infants ready to receive solids? | 4-6 months |
| Underweight women have lower rates of preterm births. (T/F) | False |
| Is lactation is an automatic process? | Yes |
| Alcohol interferes with tissue development that ___ the number of cells and damages them. | reduces |
| What supplements are often required for someone following a vegan diet? | Vitamin B12, calcium, and vitamin D |
| What are children who are malnourished are vulnerable to? | Lead poisoning |
| Who approves the sale of new drugs and inspects drug- manufacturing facilities? | FDA |
| What is food Insecurity? | The limited availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods that can lead to poor health in adults and impaired development in children. |
| How many calories/kg do proteins and carbohydrates contain? | 4 |
| How many calories/kg does alcohol contain? | 7 |
| What is SOAP? | A note taking format that stands for: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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