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botany exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name four important characteristics of fungi. | 1.) Heterotrophic. 2.) Unicellular OR multicellular. 3.) Cell walls made of B-glucan and chitin. 4.) Reproduce using spores |
| What is the difference between homothalic and heterothalic mating systems? | Homothalic means they can fertilize with any other homothalic spore. Heterothalic spores need to meet their compatible partner (ex male and female, + and -) |
| Explain the theory of primary endosymbiosis. | A non-photosynthetic cell engulfed a cyanobacterium, and they became one photosynthesis-capable cell by working together. The cyanobacteria inside evolved into photosynthesizing plastids, which are now found in modern plant and algae cells. |
| What are some differences between Basidiomycete and Ascomycete fungi? | Basidiomycetes produce spores from club-shaped basidia. Ascomycetes do it from sac-shaped asci. (club fungi vs sac fungi) |
| Name the three types of alga that arose from primary endosymbiosis. | Blue-gray algae (Glaucophytes), Red algae (Rhodophyta), and Green algae (chlorophyta) |
| Describe characteristics of blue-gray algae | "Missing link" of endosymbiosis, same cell wall features and pigments as cyanobacteria (phycobilin and chlorophyll a) |
| Describe characteristics of red algae | Mostly marine macroalgae; have phycobilin and chlorophyll a (same as blue-grays); cell walls have cellulose, agar and carageenan. Also have Floridean starch |
| Describe characteristics of green algae. What makes them different from red and blue-gray? | Direct ancestors of land plants. Diverged from gray and red by losing phycobilin, acquiring chlorophyll b. Thylakoids are in stacks. They also have starch (non-Floridean) stored in pyrenoids |
| List the different types of cellular organization that green algae can have. | Single cell, colonial, filamentous (strings), thalloid (flat sheet), parenchymatous (plant-like) |
| How is secondary endosymbiosis different than primary? | In secondary endosymbiosis, the bacterium being engulfed was a green or red algae that already had a nucleus from primary endosymbiosis. They ended up with chlorophyll c instead of b. |
| What two lineages arose from secondary endosymbiosis? | Stramenopiles ("heterokonts", includes brown algae and diatoms), and Alveolates (includes dinoflagellates) |
| What is a major difference between brown algae vs red, green, and blue-gray algae? | Brown algae has chlorophyll a and c instead of chlorophyll a and b. |
| What are diatoms? Describe them and their importance. | Diatoms are stramenopiles (related to brown algae). They are tiny and can be unicellular or colonial, and have a "petri dish" shell. They have silica in their cell walls. They are important primary producers (important food source for many other species) |
| What are the two types of shapes of diatoms? | Pennate (bilateral) and centric (radial) |
| Name the three clades belonging to Bryophytes. | Hornworts, Mosses, Liverworts |
| Why are Bryophytes called the "non-vascular" plants? | They have no vascular tissue (no xylem and phloem) |
| Why are Bryophytes the "amphibians" of the Plant kingdom? | They are tied to water (since they have no vascular system of their own) and their flagellated sperm need free water for fertilization |
| Name 3 important characteristics of plants. | Autotrophic, oogamous, and have a sporic life cycle. |
| Name 6 challenges of transition to land for plants, and their solutions. | 1.) Desiccation (solved by cuticle). 2.) Gas exchange (stomata). 3.) Vulnerable reproductive structures (gametangia w/ sterile jacket). 4.) Sporophyte (embryo). 5.) Gravity (secondary cell wall with lignin. 6.) water/food transport (vascular tissue) |
| What are the two forms of liverwort? | Thalloid and leafy |
| What is the "horn" of the hornwort? | The sporophyte |
| What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells? | Haploid cells are unpaired (only one copy of each chromosome = 1N, the result of meiosis combining both parental chromosomes into 1). Diploid cells are 2N, having paired chromosomes (one copy from each parent). |
| What are the three categories of gamete types in gametic life cycles? | Isogamous (gametes same size, called + and -); Anisogamous (gametes called male and female; female is larger); Oogamous (male and female gametes are sperm and egg-- egg stays in place, sperm moves to it) |
| What is the difference between the isomorphic and heteromorphic categories in the sporic life cycle? | Isomorphic = haploid and diploid stages appear identical. Heteromorphic = one of the two phases (usually diploid) is much larger in size than its haploid phase. |
| What does having an "alternation of generations" mean in the sporic life cycle? | The organisms alternate their roles between each generation. (Sporophyte and Gametophyte) |
| Describe the sporic life cycle. | Gametophyte phase (1N): 1N spores grow into gametophytes, which create 1N gametes. These fertilize together. --> Sporophyte phase (2N): fertilized zygote (2N) grows into sporophyte, which goes through meiosis to make spores. --> back to beginning |
| Describe the gametic life cycle. | Haploid (1N) gametes fertilize, creating a 2N zygote, which then undergoes meiosis to create more haploid (1N) gametes. |
| What advantage does having a sporangium with multiple sporocytes give to bryophytes? | More spores are produced, so more will survive to proliferate |
| What are the two major differences that the zygotic life cycle has from the gametic life cycle? | In the zygotic life cycle, the haploid stage is dominant, and the diploid stage exists as a dormant zygospore. |
| What is the characteristic unique stage of the fungal life cycle? When does it occur? | The dikaryotic stage (N+N). It occurs after plasmogamy, when the two 1N mycelium fuse and have two nuclei per cell |
| What comes first in the fungal life cycle-- plasmogamy or karyogamy? Describe them. | 1.) Plasmogamy= fusion of two compatible hyphae, resulting in cells with two nuclei. 2.) Karyogamy= fusion of the two nuclei in the cell, creating a zygote. |
| What is the upper valve of a diatom called? What about the lower valve? | Upper = epitheca. Lower = hypotheca |
| Define "gametophyte" and "sporophyte" | Gametophyte = the haploid stage of the sporic life cycle, bears gametes. Sporophyte = diploid stage, creates spores |
| Define "gametangia" | gamete-bearing structure of the gametic life cycle |
| Define "archegonia" | Gametangia that produces eggs |
| Define "antheridia" | Gametangia that produces sperm |
| Define "sporangia" | Structures on sporophyte that contain sporocytes |
| Define "sporocyte" | Cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores in a sporic life cycle |
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