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APBioUnit1Testpeders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 4 elements are the most important in the human body? | Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen |
| Name some trace elements | Iron, iodin, copper, zinc |
| Electrons determine the chemical ___ of atoms | behavior |
| What are valence electrons? | Electrons in the outer most shell of an atom. |
| Elements in the same row have the same number of ____ | "shells" |
| Elements in the same column have ______ and _____ | equal amounts of valence electrons and the same reaction types |
| What is electronegativity? | Affinity for electrons |
| As you go right on the Periodic table electronegativity goes ______ | Up |
| As you go left on the Periodic table electronegativity goes _____ | down |
| OIL RIG (Oxidation vs. Reduction) | Oxidation is loss of electronsReduction is gain of electrons |
| List some weak bonds | hydrogen bonds and ionic |
| Strong bonds? | covalent. |
| When do u see hydrogen bonds? | In water. |
| Why are covalent bonds strong? | Sharing is difficult to split and it's very stable. They form molecules. |
| When do atoms form covalent bonds? | When they have the same electronegativity or theyre the same element. |
| What is a positive ionic bond called? A negative bond? | + cantion- antion |
| What are non-polar covalent bonds? | Bonds where a pair of electrons are shared equally by 2 atoms. |
| What are polar covalent bonds? | Bonds where the pairs of electrons are shared unequally and forms a "positive" and "negative" end that in turn attracts each other. |
| Properties of water | water sticks to itself (cohesion) and to other stuff (adhesion), good solvent, lower density as a solid, high specific heat (it takes a lot to change the temp of water), high heat of vaporization. |
| What makes water a good solvent? | Polar H20 molecules! |
| What is the structure of ice? | Crystal lattice |
| Why is the fact that water has a high specific heat important? | Regulates temp on earth. |
| If in water [H+]=[OH-] then...(pH) | water is neutral |
| If in water [H+]>[OH-] then....(ionization) | water is acidic <7 |
| If in water [H+]<[OH-] then....(ionization) | water is basic >7 |
| Why is carbon important? | All of life is built on carbon |
| What % of cells is water? | 72% |
| What is organic chemistry? | the study of carbon compounds. |
| What are hydrocarbonds | Combinations of C & H |
| Properties of hydrocarbons | non-polar, unsoluable in H20, hydrophobic, stable, little attraction btwn molecules. |
| What state are hydrocarbons in at room temp? | gas |
| What are isomers? | molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (shapes). Different chem props and diff biological functions. |
| What is a structural isomer? | different in covalent partners. |
| What is a prop of a geometric isomer? | differ in arrangement around a double bond |
| What is an enantiomer isomer | Molecules that are mirror images of each other. |
| Structural differences in isomers can create important ____ significance | functional |
| How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? | 4 |
| name the function group-OH, alchols, names typically end in -ol, ethanol | hydroxyl |
| name the function group-C=O, O double bonded to C. (REMEMBER KICK ASS), aldehyde and ketone | Carbonyl |
| name the function group-COOH, c double bonded to O and single bonded to OH group, acids | Carboxyl |
| name the function group-NH2, amines, acts as base | Amino |
| name the function group-SH, thlols, disulfide bridges | Sulfhydryl |
| name the function group-PO4, transfers energy between organic molecultes, | Phosphate |
| What two functional groups are always found in amino acids. | Carboxyl and amino |
| What are macromolecules? | Large molecules |
| Name the four macromolecules | Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Properties and examples of monomers | building blocks, simple, repeating, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides |
| Props and examples of dimers | two monomers, disaccharide, sucrose |
| Props and examples of polymers | big chain of monomers, starch, proteins, DNA |
| What is hydrolysis | Breaking water up into H+ and OH- molecules |
| Properties, examples, and functions of carbs | C1H2O1, energy, raw materials, storage, and strctural materials. ex. sugars, starches, cellulose |
| What are monosacchrides | simple 1 monomers sugar |
| Examples of monosacchrides | glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose (in DNA), and ribose (RNA) |
| Wat are disaccharides | 2 monomer sugar |
| Examples of disacchrides | sucrose, lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (beer)(2 glucose) |
| What are polysaccharides | large polymers |
| Examples of polysaccharides | starch |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | Removing water before you can form bondes. |
| How can some animals digest cellulose? | Bacteria live in their stomachs and help with digestion |
| What are lipids? | Fats, phospholipids, and steriods |
| Do lipids form polymers? why? | No, because it's not a continuous chain. |
| Function of fats | store energy (2x more than carbs), cushion organs, insulation. |
| Properties of saturated fats | All C bonded to H. no double bonds, long straigt chain, solid at room temp. |
| Properties of unsaturated fats | C=C double bonds, plant/fish fats, veg oils, liquid at room temp (much healthier) |
| Phospholipids make up cell ___ | membranes |
| Phospholipids have hydrophilic ____ and hydrophobic ___ | headstails |
| Steriods are also called | sterols |
| Examples of steriods | cholesterol, sex horomones |
| Functions of proteins | structure, carrier and transport, cell communication, defense, movement, and storage |
| Amino acids are ___Polymers are ____ (protein) | MonomersPolymers |
| The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight postive charge of another water molecule what is this attraction called? | a hydrogen bond |
| What is possible due to the high surface tension of water? | A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. |
| Which bonds much be broken for water to vaporize? | hydrogen bonds |
| Desert rabbits are adapted to the warm climate b/c their large ears aid in the removal of heat due to the | high heat of vaporization of water |
| Why does ice float in liquid water? | hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart then the water molecules of liquid water. |
| Based on your knowledge of water molecules the solute molecule is most likely | positively charged |
| Hydrophobic substances such as veggie oils are | nonpolar substances that repel water molecules |
| When two atoms are equally electronegative they will interact to form | non polar covalent bonds |
| the ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when | chlorine gains an electron from sodium |
| A polar covalent bond can form when | one of the atoms has a great affinity for electrons than the other atom of the same molecule |
| Based on electron configurattion which of these elements would exhibit chemical behavior most like that of oxygen | sulfur |
| How do you find the mass number of an element | Add the protons and neutrons |
| What does the reactivity of an atom depend on | presence of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom |
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