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Zoology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 Characteristics all chordates have throughout their life cycle | Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Perforated pharynx, endostyle, and post anal tail |
| 3 Subphyla of Chordata | Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata |
| Urochordata | Tunicates, sea squirts |
| Cephalochordata | Lancelets, Amphioxus |
| Vertebrate phylum and subphylum | Chordata, vertebrata |
| Uro | Tail |
| Cephalo | Head |
| 4 pharyngeal arches in order from dorsal to ventral | Pharyngobranchial, Epibranchial, Ceratobranchial, Hyobranchial (P E C H) |
| Anadromous | Born in fresh water, grows in marine, breeds in fresh water |
| Vertebrates SDCs | Bone, neural crest cells, muscularized pharynx, tripartite brain, paired sense organs, endostyle becomes thyroid, and more |
| What does the Neural Crest make? | Half the skull, pharyngeal skeleton, portions of paired sense organs, entire PNS, heart septum, pigment cells, and more |
| SDCs | Shared Derived Characteristics |
| DHNC | Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
| Are chordates protostomes or deuterostomes? | Deuterostomes |
| Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Genus, Species of PERCH? | Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Actinopterygii Perca flavescens |
| Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Genus, Species of LAMPREY? Larvae Stage? | Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata class Petromyzontes Petromyzon marinus "ammocoete" larva |
| Phylum, Subphylum of LANCELETS OR "Amphioxus", a Protochordate, name Genus? | Phylum Chordata subphylum Cephalochordata Branchiostoma |
| Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Genus, Species of SHARK | Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata class Chondrichthyes Squalus Acanthias |
| Phylum, Subphylum of TUNICATES Protochordate, name larva stage and Genus | Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata molgula "Ascidian" larva |
| What two pharyngeal arches become the jaws? | Epibranchial 1 and Ceratobranchial 1 |
| First two arch sets (of 4) | Mandibular arch and Hyoid arch |
| Primitive jaw type | Snaptrap jaws |
| Derived jaw type | Prostusible jaws |
| Pitch | Fish moves up and down |
| Roll | Fish rolls left or right |
| Yaw | Fish looks left or right |
| Agnathans | Lamprey and hagfish |
| Difference between pelvic and pectoral fins in primitive and derived fish | Derived fish have pelvic fins near the pectoral fins while primitive fish have pelvic fins in back and pectoral fins in front of the ventral side |
| Primitive swim bladder | Phyostomous (open) |
| Derived swim bladder vs primitive swim bladder | Derived - Phyoclistous (closed): allows for gulping air and controlling buoyancy easier. Primitive - Phyostomous (open): exchanges gas through blood making the process to get oxygen slower. |
| Are phyostomous swim bladder fish typically shallow water or deep sea? | Shallow water |
| Are phyoclistous swim bladder fish typically shallow water or deep sea? | Deep sea |
| Sinusoidal locomotion | moves like a snake (whole body makes a waving motion thrusting itself forward) |
| locomotion to generate thrust in fish | Forward motion; axial muscoskeleton; primitive fish use whole body, derived fish use just the tail |
| locomotion to reduce drag in fish | Anything impeding forward motion; streamlined shape, mucous, thin smooth scales. |
| locomotion to steer in fish | pitch, yaw, roll |
| locomotion to regulate buoyancy in fish | determine position in water depth |
| amphioxus | adult lancelet |
| ammocoete | larval lamprey |
| ascidean | tunicate tadpole |
| elasmobranchii | sharks, skates, rays |
| holocephali | chimeras |
| Chondrichthyes derived characteristics | placoid scales and claspers |
| bony remnants on skin | placoid scales |
| intromittent organ in chondrichthyes | claspers |
| Osteichthyes derived characteristic | lung or swim bladder derived from gut |
| How does the notochord evolve in vertebrates? | Gets surrounded by bone and becomes vertebrae |
| How does the DHNC evolve in vertebrates? | Surrounded by bone and becomes skull and tripartite brain which includes paired sense organs. |
| How does the perforated skeleton evolve in vertebrates? | Filled with bone between slits and becomes pharyngeal skeleton. Muscle develops and becomes muscularized pharynx letting vertebrae suck and blow. |
| Muscle spanning gap between vertebrae | axial musculature |
| What are neural crest tissue in vertebrates | V-shaped myomeres |
| What does muscle develop into in vertebrates? What does it allow vertebrates to do? | Muscularized pharynx allowing for sucking and blowing. |
| Sarcopterygii | Fleshy-finned fish (e.g. Lungfish, Coelacanth) |
| Water to land order of species evolution | Eustenoptera, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega |
| Amphibia orders and what they contain | Urodela - Salamanders, Anura - frogs, Gymnophiona - Cecaelians |
| Urodela | Salamanders |
| Anura | Frogs |
| Gymnophiona | Cecaelians |
| Salamander skin traits | Relatively thin, moist, mucous & poison glands, can respire through skin, dehydrates easily, susceptible to aqueous pollutants & toxins |
| Amphibian life cycle | Egg+Sperm= Zygote= Embryo= Larva= Juvenile= Adult |
| What order and species estivates during a drought and can breathe air? | Sarcopterygii, Lungfish |
| What order and species was thought to be extinct but was re-discovered? | Sarcopterygii, Coelacanth |
| Chondrichthyes | Cartilaginous fish |
| Actinopterygii | Ray-finned fish |
| Sarcopterygii | Fleshy-finned fish |
| Tiktaalik features | flat head w/ nares, hypaxial muscles, wrists, lung, neck |
| hypaxial= | belly |
| amnion | fluid filled; mechanical protection + moisture |
| chorion | well vascularized + adjacent to shell; respiration |
| ectoderm embryonic developments | amnion and chorion |
| endoderm embryonic developments | yolk sac, allantois |
| yolk sac | more anterior; filled w/ yolk; nutrient source |
| allantois | more posterior; waste storage/excretory system |
| in induction, what does the dermis tell the epidermis to make? | keratinous structures and which keratinous structures to make |
| keratin | a durable protein impervious to water |
| 3 keratinous structures | scales, feathers, hair |
| Lepidosaurs | Turtles, lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians |
| Archosaurs | Pterosaurs, dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds |
| 3 Anapsid features | distinct skull, ribs and vertebrae column fused with skull, limbs start inside shell |
| Name and describe the two divisions of the skeletal system. | The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton include the limbs and pectoral/pelvic girdles. |
| Name and describe the three sections of the hip bone. | The ilium (upward in humans), the ischium (the shitter in humans) and the pubis (the forward facing one in humans) |
| Name the five parts of the basic vertebrate limb, in order from the attachment to the body outward, for both fore and hind. | (fore/hind) humerus/femur, radius+ulna/tibia+fibula, carpals/tarsals, metacarpals/metatarsals, phalanges aka digits |
| What is the dentary bone? | Lower jaw |
| What does the hyoid apparatus do? | Supports the tongue |
| What is the pygostyle on a bird skeleton? | The bone at the end of the tail |
| On the vertebral column, name and describe the five types of vertebrae... | Cervical: neck. Thoracic: ribs attached. Lumbar: below thoracic, no ribs attached. Sacral: pelvic girdle. Caudal: tail |
| Name and describe the three categories of muscles. | Pharyngeal/visceral/branchial: gills/trachea/jaws/tongue. Appendicular: limb muscles and attachments. Axial: trunk and back 1/2 of head. |
| Axial muscles can be hypaxial or epaxial-- which are dorsal and which are ventral? | Hypaxial are ventral, and epaxial are dorsal. |
| Appendicular muscles can be abductors or adductors-- which are dorsal and which are ventral? | Adductors are ventral, and abductors are dorsal. |
| Describe the parts of the basic digestive system in order. | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine (duodenum, ilium), rectum, anus/cloaca |
| Name the four chambers of a shark's heart, from closest to furthest from gills. | Conus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus |
| What is a portal vein? | A vein that goes between organs |
| How does a single circuit circulatory system work? Give an example of what species has one. | It's a low pressure system in which the blood flows from the heart, to the respiratory system, to the body, and then back to the heart again. Sharks are an example. |
| How does a double circuit circulatory system work? Give an example of what species has one. | A double circuit has two circuits: the low pressure one goes from the heart, to the respiratory system, and back to the heart. The high pressure circuit takes the oxygenated blood from the heart, to the body, and back to the heart. Mammals are an example. |
| Describe the difference between diapsids, synapsids and anapsids, with an example species for each. | Anapsids have no extra openings on their skull, eg a turtle. Diapsids have two extra openings, eg a lizard. Synapsid's holes are fused into one, eg a mammal. |
| What is the difference between an Ascidian, Amphioxus, and Ammocoete? | An ascidian is a tunicate larva. Amphioxus is a lancelet. An ammocoete is a lamprey larva. |
| Which is thicker: the notochord, or the dorsal hollow nerve cord? Which one is above the other? | The notochord is thicker, and below the dhnc. |
| Where do the spiracles in sharks arise from? | Originally derived from the first gill slit. |
| In a bird, which muscle is used for the downstroke of powered flight? Which is for the upstroke? | The pectoralis is for the downward stroke, and the supracoracoideus is for the upward. |
| Name the species used in class for Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. | Urochordata: Molgula/tunicate/ascidian. Cephalochordata: Branchiostomata/lancelet/amphioxus. Vertebrata: Petromyzontes/lamprey/ammocoete |
| Name the species used in class for Chondrichthyes. | Squalus acanthias (shark) |
| Name the species used in class for Actinopterygii. | Perca flavescens (fish) |
| Name the species used in class for Amphibia. | Rana pipiens (frog) |
| Name the species used in class for Aves. | Columbia sp. (pigeon) |
| Name the "Big 5" of shared derived characteristics for Phylum Chordata, and what they're for. | Notochord (locomotion), dorsal hollow nerve cord (coordination), perforate pharynx (feeding+respiration), endostyle (feeding), post-anal tail (locomotion) |
| Name the modifications to the Big 5 in Vertebrata. | Notochord is surrounded by bone (spine). DHNC surrounded by skull and tripartite brain develops, with paired sense organs (nose, eyes, brain). Pharyngeal skeleton forms between slits of pharynx, and they can suck now! Endostyle becomes thyroid gland. |
| Name important features in the evolution of Tetrapoda. | Dorsoventral flattening, dorsally displaced eyes and nostrils, wrists, neck, belly muscles, lungs |
| What is needed on body in order for powered flight to occur? | An airfoil (example: flight feathers) |
| What function does the alula on a bird wing have? | It's a sort of "thumb" on the wing, enhances lift and prevents stalling in the air. |
| What three things must one do to fly with bird wings? | Generate lift (with an angle of attack), generate thrust (with motions of wing), and reduce drag |
| What is wing aspect ratio? What does a high AR look like? Low AR? | Wing aspect ratio is length/width of a wing. High AR is long+narrow. Low AR is short+squat. |
| What is wing loading? | It represents how hard an individual has to work to get into the air. Higher wing loading means more difficulty to achieve liftoff, more flapping. |
| Describe the 4 main wing types. | Elliptical: low AR, slotted, slow and maneuverable. High Speed: high AR, tapered, fast and less maneuverable (ie swallows). Dynamic Soaring: High AR, tapered (ie albatross). Static Soaring: med AR, slotted (ie eagles) |
| What is the difference between a poikilotherm and a homeotherm? | Poikilotherms have a variable temperature, and homeotherms have a steady temperature. |
| Name and describe the 3 external sources of heat / transfer modes | Radiation (solar), Conduction (an object), Convection (air) |
| Who has a larger surface to volume ratio-- large or small animals? | Smaller animals have a higher S/V |
| Anapsida | no fenestra; turtles |
| synapsida | 1 fenestra; mammals |
| diapsida | 2 fenestra; most vertebrates |
| Diapsids | 2 fenestrae: Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs |
| Lepidosaurs | Lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians |
| Archosaurs | Pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and crocodiles |
| 2 clades of dinosauria | Ornithischia and Saurischia |
| Saurischia classes | Sauropods and theropods |
| Sauropods | Huge herbivores (brachiosaurus, gigantosaurus, etc) |
| Theropods | Bipedal, small arms, carnivorous, ferocious (t-Rex, giganotosaurus, raptors, etc) |
| Ornithischia | Mellow herbivores |
| Why regulate body temperature? | Faster metabolism, better athletic performance, faster embryonic development, determines sex. |
| Ectoderms | Get warmth from environment |
| Endoderms | Get warmth from its own metabolism |
| Homeothermy | Keep body temp relatively constant |
| Poikilothermy | Let it’s body temp vary |
| 3 sources of heat and where they are from | Radiation - heat from the sun Conduction - heat from an object (like a warm rock) Convection - heat from the air (heater, oven, etc) |
| Homeothermy set point | Temperature that the body tries to regulate at (98.6°F in humans) |
| 3 Types of insulation | Fur, feathers, fat |
| When heat changes, what are things endotherms do to combat it? | Migrate, torpor, hibernate |
| Difference of torpor and hibernation | Torpor - mild and short term heat change while cold Hibernation - drastic and long term heat change through all of winter |
| What does rete mirabile do? | Regulated body temperature |
| Types of scales Chondrichthyes have? Osteichthyes? Actinopterygii? | Chondrichthyes - placoid, Osteichthyes - ctenoid, Actinopterygii - ganoid |
| 3 groups of mammals? | Monotremes, Marsupials/Metatheria, Placentals/Eutheria |
| diphyodonty | 2 lineages with teeth |
| 3 jaw muscles in synapsids | Temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus |
| 4 teeth structures from anterior to posterior | Incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
| Cheekteeth evolution (3 teeth types) | Triconodont (w/ cusp), Tritubercular, Tribosphenic (w/ talonid basin) |
| Types of scales Chondrichthyes have? Osteichthyes? Actinopterygii? | Chondrichthyes - placoid, Osteichthyes - ctenoid, Actinopterygii - ganoid |
| 3 groups of mammals? | Monotremes, Marsupials/Metatheria, Placentals/Eutheria |
| diphyodonty | 2 lineages with teeth |
| 3 jaw muscles in synapsids | Temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus |
| 4 teeth structures from anterior to posterior | Incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
| Cheekteeth evolution (3 teeth types) | Triconodont (w/ cusp), Tritubercular, Tribosphenic (w/ talonid basin) |
| Difference between herbivore and carnivore digestive system | Herbivore is a lot longer |
| Is “Ep” dorsal or ventral? “Hyp”? Which is more posterior, “branchial” or “axial” | “Ep” is dorsal, “Hyp” is ventral, “branchial” is more anterior (near gills/lungs), “axial” is more posterior (near belly/lower back) |
| Occlusion | Fit together (like teeth) |
| Amplexus | Male amphibian squeezes female to help eggs come out so he can fertilize them as they come out |
Created by:
BioloG
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