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Bio Exam Unit 2
pH, Acids, bases, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multicellular | made up of more than one cell ex: plants, animals, fungi |
| Unicellular | made of one cell Ex: bacteria, protists |
| Sexual reproduction | two parents contribute to the creation of offspring -Offspring are unique (variation) |
| Asexual reproduction | one parent produces an identical copy of itself -CLONES! |
| Grow | Increase in size and cell number Ex: Was 5’2, Now 5’4 |
| Develop | Change in form or shape over time (differentiate) Ex: pupa to butterfly |
| Metabolism | chemical reactions that build up or break down materials |
| Heterotrophs | Eat other living things to obtain nutrients Ex: Animals |
| Autotrophs | Use sun energy to make sugars - photosynthesis |
| homeostasis | Regulate their internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition Examples: Maintain stable body temp by shivering when cold and sweating when hot Maintain stable glucose levels by releasing insulin into bloodstream when eat |
| Stimulus | physical or chemical change in the environment that you react to |
| Adaptation | Characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive in it’s environment and reproduce |
| Evolution | Gradual change in a species over time |
| Atoms | smallest unit of matter |
| What is an atom made up of? | Nucleus, proton, electron, neutron, and electron cloud |
| Proton | positively charged subatomic particle in an atom |
| Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits an atom |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle on an atom with no charge |
| Element | Substance made of only ONE type of atom |
| What 4 elements is 96% of the body composed of? | Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N) |
| molecules | Atoms joined by chemical bonds Ex: Water (H2O), Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (O2) |
| How are electrons arranged? | Electrons are arranged in shells |
| How are electron bonds formed? | Bonds are formed when electrons are transferred or shared between two atoms |
| How are ionic bonds formed? | 1. Form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. (One atom loses an e-, one atom receives an e-) 2. Atoms become charged bc no longer have an equal number of protons and electrons |
| Ion | atom that has a positive or negative charge from losing or gaining electrons (Ex: Na+, Cl-, H+) |
| What are covalent bonds and how do they form? | Form when atoms share pairs of electrons Very STRONG and not easily broken |
| What bond holds hydrogen and oxygen together (structure of water) | covalent bond |
| Why is water polar? | The electrons are shared unequally (slightly positive at one side and slightly negative on the other) |
| Hydrogen bonds | -attraction between the + area of one polar molecule and the - area of another polar molecule -WEAK bond |
| When does water form ions? | When things are dissolved in it |
| Characteristics of acids | -pH below 7 -Forms hydrogen (H+) ions -Strong acids can burn |
| Examples of acids | Lemon juice and stomach acid |
| Characteristics of bases | -pH above 7 -Forms hydroxide (OH-) ions (soapy, used for cleaning) |
| Examples of bases | NaOH and ammonia |
| What acids and bases are considered weak? | Acids and bases closer to neutral (Ex. pH 6 or pH 8) |
| What acids and bases are considered strong? | Acids and bases further from neutral (Ex. pH1 or pH 13) |
| What do buffers do? | Control pH in living things |
| What do buffers remove? | remove H+ or OH- that could change pH |
| What should blood pH be maintained at? | 7.4 |
| If blood pH gets as low as ___ or lower, then death may occur | 6.8 |
| If blood pH gets as high as ___ or higher, then death may occur | 7.8 |
| The ocean absorbs about how much CO2 every year? | 30-40% |
| What does organic mean? | It means it contains carbon |
| Do all living things have carbon? | Yes |
| What are the 4 organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| Monomer | small molecules that can be linked together (one single unit) -building blocks |
| Polymer | large molecules formed by linking monomers together (many units) many monomers joined together |
| Monomer of carbohydrates | monosaccharide (single sugar) |
| Examples of monosaccharides | Glucose (plants), Galactose (milk), Fructose (fruit) |
| Polymer of carbohydrates | polysaccharide (aka carbohydrate) |
| What bond links monosaccharides to form polysaccharides? | Covalent bonds |
| What is a disaccharide? | Made of two sugars linked together |
| Examples of disaccharides | Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar) |
| What are the carbohydrate functions? | Short-term energy (main source of energy for cells!) and Structural components of cells |
| What shape is a carbohydrate? | Hexagon/pentagon |
| What are carbohydrates made up of? | CHO in the ratio 1:2:1 |
| What is starch? | chain of glucose made by plants to store energy |
| What is cellulose? | a chain of glucose hooked together like a chained link fence made by plants to form the cell wall |
| Can humans digest cellulose? | No |
| For carbohydrates, how many calories per gram? | 4 calories per gram |
| What are lipids made up of? | CHO (mostly CH) |
| What are the major functions of lipids? | long-term energy storage, Insulation, Waterproof coverings |
| Do lipids dissolve in water | No, lipids are non-polar |
| Monomer of lipids | fatty acid |
| Polymer of lipids | triglyceride |
| What is the composition of a triglyceride | three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol |
| What are the two types of fats? | Saturated and unsaturated |
| What are the characteristics of saturated fat? | -Single bonds between carbons -straight -Solid at room temp -bad for you |
| Examples of saturated fats | Steak fat and butter |
| What are the characteristics of unsaturated fat? | -Kinked -Double bond between carbons -Liquid at room temp -Good for you |
| Example of unsaturated fat | olive oil |
| Examples of lipids | Oil energy storage in plants, protection and insulation in animals, Phospholipids, Steroid hormones, Waxes |
| Chemical reaction | process in which one or more substances are combined or broken down (changed into something different) |
| Activation Energy (AE) | energy needed to start a reaction. ALL reactions need it!! |
| Catalyst | speeds up rate of reaction by lowering AE! |
| Enzymes | biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| How do enzymes work? | Work by lowering the activation energy |
| What organic compound group do catalysts belong to? | Proteins |
| What suffix do examples of enzymes have? | -ase |
| Examples of enzymes | sucrase, lipase, amylase |
| What are the five steps of an enzymatic reaction? | 1. The substrate(s) bind to the active site 2. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed 3. Bonds are formed or broken in the substrate 4. The products are released 5. After the products are released the enzyme is ready to bind to another substrate |
| Can enzymes be reused? | Yes |
| Denature | loses its 3-D shape and function |
| under which conditions will an enzyme denature? | If temperature is too high or too low |
| What is glycogen? | a chain of glucose made by animals to store excess glucose after a meal |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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