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EVOL BIO

QuestionAnswer
What order is T, S, P, R? T>R>P>S
What group does cooperation work best in? Between group
What group do defectors (cheaters) work best in? Within group
Why might cooperators be favored overall? Cooperator are more productive and produce more offspring
What is a hypothesis to solve Eigein’s Paradox (catch 22)? If early life used groups of simple molecules that helped each other work and copy (hypercycle) then life could grow more complex
What is a prediction to solve Eigein’s Paradox (catch 22)? If scientists test these hypercycles in a lab they will find that they survive and evolve better than molecules working alone
How do cooperators do in within/mixed groups? They decrease
Hamilitons rule is used to describe? Atriusm
What does LUCA stand for? Last universal common ancestor
What is Kin selection? Natural selection favoring behaviors that help the reproductive success of relatives, even at cost of the individual
Ex of Kin selection in Bee Colonies Female bees help raise their sister instead of mating themselves because they are more related to their sisters than their own offspring
What is altruistic behavior? When an organism reduces its own fitness (survival or reproduction) in order to increase the fitness of another individual.
Why is altruistic behaviors difficult to evolve? Natural selection favors selfish behaviors (benefit of survival and reproduction)
What are the pathways/models that lead to cooperation? kin selection, reciprocation, multi-level selection
What is one way genes can arise? Co-opted genes
What is co opted genes? A gene that got reuse for a different purpose in evolution
What gene is Reg A co opted from? RS1
What is RS1 gene used for? Survival
What is Eigenes paradox? You need complexity to get accurate replication but you need accurate replication to get complexity
The lower the Error rate in Eigen’s equation the…. The higher the max genome length (L)
How do hypercycles help resolve Eigein’s paradox? They allow complex systems to evolve, using stable and shorter sequence. Each part supports the other, reducing the pressure one one single molecule to store all the information
Is RS1 gene always on? No, only activated under stressful environments
What is Reg A gene used for? Development
Is reg A gene alwayss active? Yes
Is reg A gene or RS1 gene more complex? RegA
What are advantages of multicellularity? Internal environment buffered from external, division of labor, avoid predation (larger size) (swim faster)
What are costs of multicellularity? Compete with neighbors for resources, waste products, death of nearby cells, longer generation time
What is a key example of cooperation in Volvox related to cell differentiation? Somatic cells sacrifice their ability to reproduce to support germ cells, enabling division of labor
What do somatic cells help with? movement
What does RegA gene do? 1. Reduces size of somatic cells (starves them) 2. Slow rate of reproduction in germ cells
How do we know mitochondria was its own thing at one point? It has its own genome
Can complexity be lost? Yes
What was the goal of RNA test tube experiment? To see if RNA could eveolve outside of living cells, with only materials needed to copy itself
What is the difference in somatic cells in humans vs volvox Somatic cells divide in humans, where as they dont in Volvox
WHat is the blue in the RNA test tube? Ribozymes
What is the green in the RNA test tube RNA template
The start of the test tube was an RNA that was 4000 bp long, then it went to 200 bp pairs long
What did the RNA test tube show? Natural selection can occur in RNA even outside of living organisms
What does the starting strand being longer ,ean in the RNA test tube? Smaller and faster RNAs are selected for
Why didn’t it get shorter than 200 bps in test tube experiment? The enzyme would have not recognized it to bind and replicate
Created by: user-1941600
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