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Soil (Earth Science)

Definition
Run-off Impermeable & Saturated
Infiltration Permeable & Unsaturated
Soil A combination of loose weathered rock and organic (biologic) material
Humus The organic material that's usually very dark in color
Horizons The layers that soil is divided into
Residual Soil Similar to the bedrock underneath, it is unmoved It’s made where it is found
Transported soil Differs from the bedrock beneath it, indicating that it has traveled from where it was created… this is done mostly by glaciers
Saturated Soil is filled with water
Unsaturated Soil is dry
Permeable Soil allows water to pass
Impermeable Soil doesn't allow water to pass
Groundwater Water that exists beneath the Earth's surface, filling the spaces and fractures within rock and soil, and is a significant source of freshwater
Porosity The amount of open space within sample of soil or rock
Permeability How fast or slow water flows through a substance
Capillary Action Water gets trapped in the soil
Water retention When water gets stuck in soil
Climate Areas needs temperatures above/below freezing with lots of precipitation
Abrasion The rounding of rock fragments
Wind/ Water Abrasion Wind picks up sand fragments and it "sand blasts" the rock into a rounded shape
Weathering Break up the rock
Eroding Transporting sediments
Depositing Dropping sediments off
Dune Deposition of wind
Carrying power The power to carry something
Discharge Volume
Tributary A smaller stream flowing into and merging with a large one
Drainage basin/ Watershed The entire area that contributes water to a river
What are the characteristics for young rivers? Steep, V-Shape, High velocity, High discharge, High carrying power, Possible rapids, More erosion, Less deposition
What are the characteristics for old rivers? Very gradual slope, Shallow/ Wide channel, Slow velocity, Low discharge, Low carrying power, Wide meanders, More deposition, less eriosion
Downcutting/ V Rivers erode or cut downward in a "V" shape pattern
Solution Particles are dissolved
Suspension Particles are floating
Saltation Particles are bounced along the bottom
Horizontal Sorting Stream deposit sorted sediments
Delta Triangle shape depositional at the mouth of the river
Alluvial Fan The sediment deposited as water flow in a dry climate
Vertical Sorting Streams deposit sorted sediments
Mass movement/ Mass wasting Erosion of sediment caused by it
Talus Rock at base of cliff
What's a Alpine glacier? Glaciers form high in the mountains and travel downhill like rivers
What's a Continental Glacier? Massive glaciers that cover entire landmasses, moving outwards from the center
Zone of accumulation Snow builds up on faster than it melts
Zone of melting Snow melts than it accumulates (RECEDES OR RETREATS)
Snow line Accumulation (DOESN"T MOVE)
Friction glaciers travel... Faster in the middle, just below ice Slower along the edges/ bottom
Pleistocene Epoch Last ice age
Calving When either type of glacier reaches the ocean, large pieces break off in this process
Glacial Erosion Feautures "U" shaped valley, glacial striations, scratches are caused
Glacial Striations As glaciers grind over the surface bedrock, they behind deep scratches in the rock
In NYS striations are always in a ..... direction North or South
Glacial Deposition Features When a glacier pushes sediment it deposits piles of unsorted and unlayered sediments.
Glacial Till Pushed sediment from a glacier that deposits piles of unsorted and unlayered sediment
Unsorted and Unlayered sediment... Gravity and Glaciers
Wind Deposition Sand dune
Water Deposition Delta/ Alluvial fan
Gravity Deposition Talus
Glacier Deposition Till/ Moraine
Terminal Moraine Marks the farthest that a glacier traveled before melting
Glacier Erratics When a glaciers melt, they deposit these boulders
Drumlin An elongated hill (Tear drop shape) of deposited glacial Till (UNSORTED)
Kettle Lake Stages in the formation of glacial kettle
Outwash plain The meltwater forms streams, deposit sorted sediment
Glaciers Unsorted, Angled, Unlayered
Glacial outwash characteristics Sorted, Rounded, Layered
Created by: jsoto.
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