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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | Different versions of the same gene. |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. |
| Benign | Not harmful or cancerous. |
| Base pair (in DNA) | Two nucleotides that pair together (A-T, C-G). |
| Centromere | The part of a chromosome that connects sister chromatids. |
| Chromatid | One half of a duplicated chromosome. |
| Chromosome | A structure made of DNA that carries genetic information. |
| Deletion mutation | A genetic change where a DNA segment is removed. |
| DNA | The molecule that carries genetic instructions. |
| Dominant allele | An allele that shows its trait even if only one copy is present. |
| Eukaryotic | Having cells with a nucleus. |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | A genetic disorder causing high cholesterol. |
| Frameshift mutation | A mutation that shifts the reading frame of DNA. |
| Gene | A DNA segment that codes for a trait or protein. |
| Genome | The complete set of genetic material in an organism. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Gestational diabetes | High blood sugar during pregnancy. |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a gene. |
| Homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs with the same genes. |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a gene. |
| insertion mutation | A genetic change where extra DNA is added. |
| Karyotype | A visual display of an organism’s chromosomes. |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | A scan using magnets and radio waves to create body images. |
| Malignant | Cancerous and able to spread. |
| Meiosis | Cell division that creates sex cells with half the usual DNA. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes. |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer to other parts of the body. |
| Mitosis | Cell division that creates two identical cells. |
| Mutation | A change in DNA sequence. |
| Nondisjunction | Improper chromosome separation during cell division. |
| Nucleotides | The building blocks of DNA and RNA. |
| The building blocks of DNA and RNA. | A chart that tracks genetic traits in a family. |
| Phenotype | The physical traits of an organism. |
| Plan of care | A medical treatment and management strategy. |
| Point mutation | A single change in a DNA base pair. |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A method to copy DNA. |
| Prognosis | The likely outcome of a disease. |
| Protein | A molecule made of amino acids that performs functions in the body. |
| Protein synthesis | the process of making proteins from DNA instructions |
| Punnett square | A diagram that predicts genetic trait inheritance. |
| Recessive allele | An allele that only shows its trait if two copies are present. |
| Restriction enzyme | A protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | : A molecule that helps make proteins from DNA. |
| rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | RNA that helps build proteins in ribosomes. |
| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine biological sex (X and Y). |
| Silent mutation | A DNA change that does not affect the protein made. |
| Transcription | The process of copying DNA into RNA. |
| Translation | The process of making proteins from RNA. |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | RNA that helps assemble proteins by carrying amino acids. |
| Ultrasound imaging | A scan that uses sound waves to create images of the body. |
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