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Lab practical
study material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| right and left halves of the cerebrum | cerebral hemisphere |
| central region of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus | diencephalon |
| inferior part of the brain; includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata | brainstem |
| part of brainstem above pons; integrates sensory information and relays it upward | midbrain |
| brainstem structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain | pons |
| part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and digestion | medulla oblongata |
| large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills | cerebellum |
| outermost layer of neural tissue; it has up to 6 layers of nerves cells. It is covered by the meninges and often referred to as gray matter | cerebral cortex |
| rounded ridges of cerebral cortex | Gyri |
| groves of cerebral cortex | sulci |
| large groove that separates the frontal lobe and partial lobes | central sulcus |
| large groove that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and front lobes | lateral sulcus |
| indentation that separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres | longitudinal fissure |
| separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum | transverse cerebral fissure |
| region of cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement | front lobe |
| region of cerebral cortex that processes information about touch | parietal lobe |
| region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information | occipital lobe |
| region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language | temporal lobe |
| region of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes plays a role in many homeostatic functions such as taste, visceral sensation and autonomic control | insula |
| part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning and language | prefrontal cortex |
| area of the frontal cortex active during the planning of a movement | premotor cortex |
| area of the frontal cortex responsible for initiating movements of the body AKA pre central gyrus | Primary motor cortex |
| area of the cortex, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directions the muscle movements in speech | Broca' area |
| area of parietal lobe responsible for processing tactile and proprioceptive information, AKA post central gyrus | Primary somatosensory cortex |
| area of parietal lobe responsible for integration and interpretation of somatic sensations | Somatosensory association area |
| area in the temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression | Wernicke's area |
| area of temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information | Auditory Cortex |
| area of temporal lobe that stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds | Auditory association area |
| area of the cortex in the occipital lobes dedicated to visual processing | Visual cortex |
| area of the cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes that interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex | Visual association area |
| large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them | Corpus callosum |
| a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body; key role in cognition and episodic memory recall | Fornix |
| thin membranes between the corpus callous and formic that separates lateral ventricles | Septum pellucidum |
| specialized capillaries found in the all brain ventricles that produce the cerebrospinal fluid | Choroid plexus |
| central area of the diencephalon; relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex | Thalamus |
| small mass of gray matter that connects the right and left thalamic bodies | Interthalamic adhesion |
| area of diencephalon inferior to the thalamus; control the pituitary | Hypothalamus gland |
| a stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus | Infundibulum |
| the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates grown and control other endocrine glands | Pituitary gland |
| process olfactory sensations and controls flex movements associates with eating | Mamillary body |
| area of diencephalon superior to thalamus; contains pineal gland and choroid plexus. involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cyle | Epithalamus |
| secretes melatonin | Pineal gland |
| contains fibers that carry motor output from cerebrum to other regions of CNS | Cerebral peduncles |
| located in the midbrain; includes both pairs of the superior and inferior collicul | Corpora quadrigemina |
| center visual reflexes | Super colliculi |
| center for auditory reflexes | inferior colliculi |
| five primary purposes; buoyancy, protection, chemical stability, waste removal and prevention of brain ischemia | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| paired ventricles lying within the cerebral hemispheres; produce CSF | Lateral ventricles (2) |
| connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle, passage for CSF | Interventricular foamarm |
| ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon; produce CSF | Third ventricle |
| connects the third and fourth ventricles, passageway for CSM | Cerebral aqueduct |
| ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons in the center of the mesencephalon; produces CSF | Frontal ventricle |
| tiny channel found within the inferior medulla oblongata and spinal cord, passages for CSF | Central canal |
| cross over point for the cvorticospinal tracts passaging through the medulla | Decussation of pyramids |
| relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and brain stem to cerebellar cortex | Olivary nucleus |
| special sensory nerve for smell | CN I - Olfactory |
| olfactory nerve for nasal epithelium synapse here with second order neurons | Olfactory bulb |
| axons of second order neurons that connect olfactory bulbs | Olfactory tract |
| point where information from each eye crosses over the be process by the opposite side of the brain | CN II - Special sensory nerve for vision |
| point where information from each eye crosses over the be process by the opposite side of the brain | Optic chiasm |
| convey visual information from optic chasm to lateral geniculate nuclei | Optic tract |
| eye movement, contraction of pupil, focuses the eye control position of upper lid | CN III - Oculomotor |
| controls super oblique muscle of the eye causes eye to look down and lateral | CN IV - Trochlear |
| provides both sensory and motor innervation to the face | CN V - Trigeminal |
| controls the lateral rectus, cause the eye to look to the side and helps coordinate the simultaneous side-topside movement of your eyes | CN VI - Abducens |
| controls the muscle of final expressions; controls muscle in your inner ear that moderates loudness of sound; helps make tears, taste sensation for 2/3 of tongue | CN VII - Facial |
| special sensory nerve for hearing and balance | CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear |
| muscles for swallowing. Taste sensation for poster of 1/3 of tongue | CN IX - Glossopharyngeal |
| parasympathetic flow to neck, thorax and abdomen, sensory from pharynx, larynx and viscera; controls muscles of pharynx and larynx; sensory from external ear | CN X - Vagus |
| controls muscles in neck and upper back | CNXI - Accessory |
| tongue movement, speech, swallowing | CN XII - Hypoglossal |
| unconscious somatic motor control; makes movements smooth controlled, coordinated and effective | R/L cerebellar hemispheres |
| connects the two hemispheres | Vermis |
| operates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum | Primary fissure |
| folds of the cerebellum, function to increase surface area in the gray mater | Folia |
| the cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum | Cerebellar cortex (grey mater) |
| white mater of the cerebellum | Arbor vitae (white mater) |
| thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain | Dura mater |
| one of two layers of the dura borders the bones of the cranium | Endosteal layer |
| second of two dura layers lies on top of the arachnoid mater | Menigeal layer |
| folds of dura into the longitudinal fissure; separates the two cerebral hemispheres | Falx cerebri |
| folds of dura that separates cerebellar hemispheres | Falx cerebelli |
| fold dura into the transverse fissure that separates cerebellum from cerebrum | tentorium cerebelli |
| drains CSF from brain and returns it to blood stream | Superior sagittal sinus |
| drains CSF from brain and returns it to the blood stream | Inferior sagittal sinus |
| potential space between dura mater and arachnoid mater | Subdural space |
| weblike middle layer of the meninges | Arachnoid mater |
| project through dura mater into super sagittal sinus, act as one-way valves to control passage of CSF into sinuses | Arachnoid granulation |
| space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the Pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid space |
| thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges, lies directly on the brain | Pia mater |
| tapered end of the spinal cord (L1 - L2) | Conus medullaris |
| collocational of spinal nerves in the spinal column below the end of spinal cord | Cauda Equina |
| fibrous extension of the pan mater | Filum Terminale |
| supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs | Cervical Enlargment |
| supplies nerves to the pelvic region and lower limubs | Lumbar Enlargerment |
| a series of connected sympathetic postganglionic cell body clusters positioned along each side of the vertebral column adjacent to the major body wall branches of the arota | Sympathetic Chain Ganglia |
| 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal | Spinal nerves |
| space between the dura mater and the wall of the cerebral canal | Epidural space |
| thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the spinal cord | Dura Mater |
| potential space between the arachnoid and outer lying dura mater | Subdural space of spinal cord |
| weblike middle layer of the meninges | Arachnoid mater |
| a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the Pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid space |
| delicate inner membrane of the meninges | Pia mater |
| area of spinal cord where sensory information is received | Posterior horn |
| area of spinal cord where motor commands are sent | Anterior horn |
| sympathetic neurons | Lateral horns |
| a thin strop of gray mater that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and along with anterior white commissure connects the two halves of the cord | Gray commissure |
| a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord | Central canal |
| lies between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus, contains myelinated axons | Posterior white column |
| between the anterior and posterior columns contains myelinated axons | Lateral white column |
| lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure; contains myelinated axons | Anterior white column |
| groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves | Anterior median fissure |
| a shallow vertical groove dividing the spinal cord throughout its whole length in the midline posteriorly | Posterior median sulcus |
| contains axons of sensory neurons | Dorsal root |
| contains cell bodies of sensory neruons | Dorsal root ganglion |
| contains axons of motor neurons | Ventral root |
| mixed nerve that arises from the spinal cord | Spinal nerve |
| innervates skeletal muscles of the neck and back | Dorsal ramus |
| the anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk | Ventral ramus |
| contain autonomic nerve fibers that join ventral rami in thoracic region | Rami Communicantes |
| identify: receptor, afferent nerve, interneuron, motor nerve effector | Reflex arc |
| supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm | Cervical plexus (C1 - C5) |
| innervates the diaphragm | Phrenic nerve |
| innervates pectoral gridle and upper limbs | Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1) |
| nerve that runs along the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand | Radial nerve |
| sensory-motor nerve that with it branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand | Ulnar nerve |
| anterior forearm and thenar region | Median nerve |
| supplies three muscles in the arm: deltoid, triceps (long head) and tires minor, sensory for shoulder pain | Axillary never |
| serves lower abdominopelvic region and anterior thigh | Lumbar plexus (L1 - L4) |
| innervates quadricepts and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg | Femoral nerve |
| a cutaneous nerve that innervates the skin on the lateral part of the thigh | Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve |
| passes through obturator foramen to innervates adductor muscles | Obturator nerve |
| arises from L4 - S4 | Sacral plexus |
| largest nerve in the body, supplies most of the posterior thigh and leg | Sciatic nerve |
| automatic neural responses to specific stimuli; most have protective function | Reflex arc |
| neuron with one process extending from its cell body, most common sensory neuron | Unipolar |
| A neuron that has only two projections (one axon/one dendrites) from the cell body; used in special sense organs | Bipolar |
| a neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; that most common type of neuron in the nervous system | Multipolar |
| sensory neurons | Afferent |
| motor neurons | Efferent |
| CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | Interneuron |
| part of the reflex ar where the stimulus is received | Receptor |
| organ or tissue that is activated to complete a reflex arc | Effector |
| produces fluid that moistens the eye | Lacrimal gland |
| release tears onto the conjunctiva | Excretory ducts |
| two small pores that drain the lacrimal lake | Lacrimal puncta |
| collect tears from lacrimal punch and drain them into the lacrimal sac | Lacrimal canaliculi |
| collects tears from the lacrimal canaliculi empty into the nasolacrimal duct | Lacrimal sac |
| passageway for tears from the lacrimal sac into the nose | Nasolacrimal duct |
| eye lid, functions to protect eye | Palpabrae |
| part of protection from palpebral, outer corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet | Lateral canthus |
| part of protection from the plapebre, inner corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet | Medial canthus |
| produces a whitish oil secretion for protection | Lacrimal caruncle |
| lines internal surface of eyelid | Palpebral conjunctiva |
| lines anterior surface of eyeball from eyelids to junction wit the corneal epithelium | Bulbar conjunctiva |
| secrete oil onto eyelashes for protection | Tarsal glands |
| the transparent outer coverings of the eye, part of fibrous layer protection, aids in light focusing | Cornea |
| white part of the eye of fibrous layer protection, maintain eye shape | Sclear |
| controls the size of the pupil opening, determines eye color | Iris |
| changes shape to help focus images on the retina | Lens |
| connects the chord and iris, contains ciliary muscles and ciliary processes | Ciliary body |
| contracts to assist in near vision | Ciliary muscle |
| contain capillaries that secrete aqueous humor | Ciliary processes |
| holds lens in position | Suspensory ligament |
| middle, vascular layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera, blood and nutrient supply for eye | Choroid |
| makes eye look down | Inferior rectus |
| Inferior oblique | rotates the eye upward and away from the midline |
| Superior oblique | rotates the eye downward and away from the midline |
| makes eye look laterally | Lateral rectus |
| makes eye look medially | Medial rectus |
| makes eye look up | Superior rectus |
| regulate amount of light that enters the eye | Pupil |
| contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain | Retina |
| outermost layer of retina, prevent light from scattering, stores Vitamin A | Pigmented layer |
| photoreceptors, transmit information to bipolar cells | Rods and cones |
| in the retina, the specialized neurons connect rods and cons with ganglion cells | Bipolar cells |
| in the retina the connect to the bipolar cells, axons of the ganglion cells from the optic nerve | Ganglion cells |
| blind spot, lacks photoreceptors, site where optic nerve leaves the eye | Optic disc |
| area in retina for sharp detailed central vision | Macula lutea |
| pinpoint depression in the center of the macula, the site of sharpest vision | Fovea centralis |
| area between cornea and lens, filled with aqueous humor | Anterior cavity of eye |
| area behind the lens; filled with aqueous humor | Posterior cavity of eye |
| drains the aqueous humor from the eye | Scleral venus sinus |
| maintains eyeshape | Vitreous humor |
| helps the cornea keep its rounded shape | Aqueous humor |
| external portion of the ear, collects sound waves | Auricle |
| canal leading to eardrum and middle ear, conducts sound waves to tympanic membrane | External acoustic meatus |
| the eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear, vibrates in response to sound waves | Tympanic membrane |
| air-filled space containing auditory ossicles | Tympanic cavity |
| hammer; first of three auditory ossicles of middle ear | Malleus |
| anvil; middle three auditory ossicles of the middle ear | Incus |
| stirrup; lost of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear | Stapes |
| connects the middle ear to the narsopharynx | Auditory or Eustachian tube |
| bony canal in temporal bone filled with perilymph | Ossesous labyrinth |
| membrane-covered tubes inside the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph | Membraneous labyrinth |
| hearing, sound waves travel through cochlea and stimulate the sensory receptors | Cochlea |
| contains perilymph, conduct pressure waves made by stapes at oval window | Scala vestibuli |
| contains perilymph; receives pressure waves after they pass through organ of corti | Scala tympani |
| filed with endolymph contains Spiral Organ of Corti, convert pressure waves to action potentials | Scala media (cochlear duct) |
| separates scala media from scala vestibuli | Vestibular membrane |
| membrane supporting the spiral organ and hair cells in the cochlea | Basilar membrane |
| membrane located above basilar membrane that serves as a shelf against which cilia of auditory hair move | Tectorial membrane |
| the organ of hearing receptors for hearing located within the cochlea | Spiral organ |
| convert the mechanical disturbance created in the fluids of cochlea into an electoral potential | Spiral organ |
| convert the mechanical disturbance created in the fluids of cochlea into an electrical potential | Inner and Outer hair cells |
| travis auditory information along cochlear division of CN VIII | Spiral ganglia |
| carries auditory information to brain, division of CN VIII | Cochlear nerve |
| membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations | Oval Window |
| membrane covered opening in the inner wall of the middle ear that compensates for changes in cholera pressure | Round window |
| static equilibrium | Vestibule |
| fluid filled chamber in the vestibule that detects horizontal movements | Utricle |
| fluid filled chamber in the vestibule that detects vertical movements | Saccula |
| dynamic equilibrium | Semicircular canals |
| contains the crust ampullaris which sense changes in rotational acceleration | Ampulla |
| touch receptor that detects stretch | Ruffini corpuscle |
| receptor for light touch | Tactical corpuscles |
| respond to pain and temperature | Free nerve endings |
| sensory receptor cells that detect pressure | Tactile discs |
| detect pressure deep in the dermis | Lamellar corpuscles |
| sensory nerve endings found around each hair bulb. Stimulated by bending a hair | Hair follicle receptor |
| the lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell; pesudostratified columnar epithelium | Olfactory Epithelium |
| horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity | Cribriform plate |
| holes in the cribriform plate which transmit the olfactory nerves | Olfactory foramina |
| found in olfactory epithelium proves sense of smell synapse in olfactory bulbs | Olfactory nerve |
| large papillae with taste buds | Circumvallate papillae |
| mushroom like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue | Fungiform papillae |
| ridges on the wide of the tongue | Foliate papillae |
| sharp with no taste buds used to grip food on the tongue | Filiform papillae |
| the organ of taste | Taste bud |
| the opening on each taste bud where taste cells sample the environment | Taste pore |
| specialized taste cells for the transduction of taste stimuli | Gustatory receptors |
| facial VII - anterior 2/3, glossopharyngeal IX - posterior 1/3, vagus X water receptors in pharynx, trigeminal V texture and temperate not taste | Cranial nerves sensing taste |
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kimdub
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