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EAES UNIT 2
prep for exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 qualities to characterize rivers (G, FC, D, FC, FS/V, CS) | Gradient, cross-sectional area, flow speed/velocity, discharge, flow competence, flow capacity |
| Gradient | change in elevation/ change in horizontal distance |
| Flow competence | largest size sediment that could be eroded (proportional to gradient) |
| Cross sectional area is the same as... | channel size |
| Flow speed | how fast the water is flowing. Change in distance/ change in time (speed increases downstream, while speed contact with bed decreases) |
| Discharge | volume of water flowing per time (increases downstream) |
| Flow capacity | total amount of sediments that could be transported. It is proportional to the discharge. |
| Sinuosity | shows the difference between water flowing in a straight line and a curved flow. (normal distance/ straight line distance) |
| Rock sizes (5) | Cobbles, Pebbles, Sand, Silt, Clay |
| Features by the headwaters are mostly.... | erosional (like v shaped/slot canyon) |
| Features by mouth are mostly.... | depositional |
| River flow slows dramatically when rivers empty into | lakes, oceans = causing higher deposition EX: deltas l> |
| Stair step canyon is a combination of.... | V shaped valleys and slot canyon |
| In the middle of straight sections of rivers.... | Water is deeper in straight sections of rivers, and also has a fastest flow (erosion likely to occur in the middle) |
| In the meandering section of rivers.... | deepest water (and the fastest flow) is pushed to the outside. (erosion more likely to occur on the outside) |
| Cutbank (Erosional or depositional?) (definition?) | (Erosional) OUTSIDE of meander is where flow is fastest because deeper water, causing river to erode into the surrounding floodplain (en la curva del rio, el agua se lleva tierra) |
| Point bar (Erosional or depositional?)(definition?) | (Depositional) INSIDE of meander is where flow slows downs because shallower water, causing any sands/gravels in transport to be deposited |
| Oxbow Lakes (erosional or depositional?)(definition?) | (Both E and D) Erosion of cut bank causes channel to move toward outside of meander, if it meanders too much, it will cutoff, leaving behind an oxbow lake |
| Depositional feature commonly found in the middle section of rivers... | Point Bar |
| Erosional features commonly found in headwaters.. | Slot canyon, Stairstep canyon, V shaped valley |
| Headwaters, Middle section, mouth (Mainly depositional, Mainly erosional, or both?) c/u | Headwaters: mainly erosional, Middle: both, Mouth: mainly depositional |
| Floods occur when river discharge.... | exceeds the limits (discharge threshold) |
| The discharge threshold/ limits | is defined by how much water the river can transport |
| Flood intensity is proportional to... | likelihood of the event |
| Warmer and wetter world increases the chances of floods events? true or false? | True, because it shifts discharge curves upwards (more water discharge + danger) |
| Recurrence interval | the average time between events of a certain magnitude, like floods (1/ recurrence interval) |
| If scientists create multiple hypothesis and we have to choose the best one, it should... | Have evidence to support it, and that could be evaluated/falsified |
| Dependent variable.... | This is what you measure or observe in the experiment. |
| Independent variable... | cause or factor you want to test to see how it affects something else |
| How do erosional and depositional glacial features differ? | Erosional and depositional glacial features have different compositions |
| Which glacial landscape feature would most likely be made out of bedrock? It is also an erosional feature.... | Arete |
| How does the size of a clastic sedimentary rock change during a transgression? | |
| How does the size of a clastic sedimentary rock change during a regression? | |
| A transgression is... | The sea level rises |
| A regression is... | The sea level falls |
| In a constant/unchanging environment, rocks do not... | change |
| REL. AGE- What are the Steno's Laws? (4) | Superposition, Cross-Cutting Relationships, Original Horizontality, Lateral Continuity |
| Baked contacts and inclusions occur in what type of rocks?(CHECK IF BOTH APPLY TO THE ANSWER) | Igneous |
| What is an unconformity, disconformity and nonconformity? | no idea |
| Floods are defined by... | discharge |
| What type of flood is more likely to occur this year? 10 year? 50 year? 100 year? | 10 year flood and the last 10 year flood occur last year |
| Frozen water (glaciers, ice sheets...)covers what percentage of the world?1%, 10%, 30%, 50%? | 10% |
| the longer the recurrence interval- the larger or shorter- the flood? | Larger |
| Is the Cryosphere is the main contributor to the sea level rise? True or false? | True |
| The discharge formula is Q= CA*V (cross sectional area * velocity). So, what would increase the discharge? Increasing the gradient, increasing the CA, increasing the flow velocity or adding more water to the river? | The last 3 are possible. But most probably increasing flow velocity |
| Are glaciers classified depending on their orientation to topography? True or false? | True |
| The Valley glacier is characterized by reaching out on how many sides? Is it topographically bounded? | 2 sides. YES TOPO |
| The Cirque glacier is characterized by reaching out on how many sides? Is it topographically bounded? | 3 or more times (like a circle with snow in it) BOWL SHAPE. YES TOPO |
| Where are ice caps located? How are they identified? Is it topographically bounded? | Top of mountains. NO TOPO |
| How are piedmont glaciers identified? Are they topographically bounded? | They look like a river of snow that goes below valleys (como un rio de nieve bajando y acumulandose). NO TOPO |
| An ice sheet is... | Continental Scale- massive, continuous layer of glacial ice that covers an extensive area. |
| What cryosphere feature is characterized by a BOWL shape? | Cirque glacier |
| Glaciers flow down like a fluid. True or false? | True |
| Glacier flow down/ slide across bedrock because there is ________ water at the ________. | Liquid, base. |
| Glacier flow is faster in the ______ of the flow. Options: Edges, middle, there's no difference. | Middle |
| Usually, glaciers move faster during what season? Mid spring, early summer, late summer, fall? Why? | Early summer. Flows faster in how seasons because the snow is melting. |
| On glaciers, Is velocity faster up or down the slope? | Up |
| GLACIERS- Thicker ice = ______ velocity (faster/slower) | faster |
| GLACIERS- Steeper slope= _________ velocity (faster slower) | faster |
| Can glacier flow/motion erode and transport bedrock and sediments? True or False? | True. Glacier flow can transport many sediments and erode bedrock. |
| The 3 ways in which sliding glaciers can erode landscapes are... (I, A, P) | Incorporation, Abrasion, Plucking. |
| GLACIERS- Incorporation erosion occurs when.... | ice surrounds pre-existing sediments, carrying it away. (los sediments se van incorporados con el flow de la nieve) |
| GLACIERS- Abrasion occurs when.... | sediments in ice (or between ice & bedrock) scours bedrock (like sandpaper) (los sediments van entre la capa de hielo y suelo raspando el suelo dejando lineas de raspadura) |
| GLACIERS- Glacial plucking occurs when... | La presion hace que el agua se meta entre los cracks, luego el agua se congela cuando baja la presion y se rompe la pieda cuando el flow de agua continua hacia abajo. |
| Glacial striations (lineas de raspadura en el suelo/bedrock) and glacial polish (similar pero suelo liso) are formed by..... | Abrasion |
| Roche Mountanee is formed by... | Plucking |
| Do glaciers carve landscapes the same way rivers do? Yes or no? | No |
| GLACIERS- While carving landscapes, the downcutting is greatest where the ice is ________(thinnest/thickest) | thickest (that's why it can form U shaped valleys) |
| GLACIERS- Can the erosional features of glaciers carve into bedrock?(tipo dejar marca de que sucedieron esas cosas en la piedra base de la montana?) Ej: si se derrite el hielo de la montana, se veran los aretes, hanging valleys, etc? | Yes |
| V shaped valleys are _______ erosional features, and U shaped valleys are _________ erosional features. (Glacial/river) | river, glacial |
| Can all glaciers (i.e., warm/wet- or cold/dry-based) transport any size sediment? True or false? | True |
| Glacial till is.... | unsorted mixture of sediments deposited directly by a glacier as it melts |
| Glacial till can form 3 different types of Moraines: E/T, L, M. | End/terminal moraine, Lateral Moraine, medial moraine. |
| GLACIERS- End/terminal moraines mark.... | the front of glaciers |
| GLACIERS- Lateral moraines mark... | the sides of glaciers |
| GLACIERS- Medial moraines mark.... | the till in the middle of glaciers. |
| GLACIERS- Kettle holes are....(definition)(erosional or depositional?) | depressions in the ground that form when a chunk of glacial ice breaks off, gets buried by sediment, and later melts, leaving a hole behind. DEPOSITIONAL |
| GLACIERS- Drumlins are...(definition)(erosional or depositional?) | elongated hills made of sediment. They are formed by the movement of glaciers, which shape and mold the underlying materials, such as clay, sand, and gravel, into smooth, streamlined mounds. (montanitas suaves y alargadas). DEPOSITIONAL |
| GLACIERS- Eskers are...(definition)(erosional or depositional?) | long, winding ridges of sediment formed by meltwater streams flowing beneath glaciers. As the glacier retreats, these streams deposit sand, gravel, and debris, creating serpentine-shaped ridges. SNAKE SHAPED. DEPOSITIONAL |
| GLACIERS- U shaped valleys, cirques, aretes, horns and hanging valleys are erosional or depositinal features? | Erosional |
| GLACIERS- Are kettles, drumlins, till, moraines, and eskers, erosional or depositional features? | Depositional |
| CLASTICS- "The size of the grains is the primary distinguishing of a feature" T o F? | True |
| CLASTICS-What is the primary difference between a sandstone and a conglomerate? | The size of the grains. |
| CLASTICS-There are three ways to analyze grains of the same size, those are... | Shape (angular, rounded) , sorting and chemical reaction (reactiveness to HCl) |
| CLASTICS- Conglomerates are made up mostly of gravels that are more ________, while breccias are made up mostly of gravels that are more _________. (angular, rounded) | rounded, angular |
| CLASTICS- breccias and conglomerates are made up mostly of gravels so they are _________ sorted. (more/less) | More |
| CLASTICS- diamictites are made up gravels but also muds and sands so they are ______ sorted (more/less) | Less |
| CLASTICS- A rock with gravel-sized grains and one of the most textually ‘mature’ (i.e., more rounding, higher sorting, more stable minerals)? | Conglomerates (la roca con mini rocas redonditas chiquitas- tripofobia) |
| CARBONATES- What are two of the most important carbonate minerals? | Limestones and Dolostones |
| CARBONATES- Doing the HCl test, Limestone reacts __________, while Dolostone reacts ___________. (mildly/vigorously) | Vigorously, Mildly |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- What are those? (3) | Coal, Halite and Chert. |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- Coal is made of...and is usually found at... | plant material/ biological material.....swamps |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- Oil shale is made of.... | in remains of organic microscopic marine organisms |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- Halite is made of.... | Rock salt, made mostly of NaCl materials, Halite tastes salty |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- What rock tastes salty? Is it a clastic, carbonate or "other rock? | Halite, "other" |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- Chert is made of.... | silicon dioxide (SiO2) that precipitates /accumulates on the bottom of [large] bodies of water |
| "OTHER ROCKS"- Chert can from in 2 ways. What are those?... | from materials made by living organisms (like shells), and precipitation out of water when(silicon dioxide) saturation is reached |
| CLASTICS- Sediments in conglomerates are more altered than the ones in Breccias? True or False? | True (they are more rounded) |
| SEDI ROCKS- Sedimentary rocks can form in 3 different types of environments, these are... | Terrestrial, transitional and marine |
| SEDI ROCKS- The [flow] energy in an environment determines the sediment sizes that can be deposited there. True or false? | True |
| SEDI ROCKS- Gravels form in _________energy environments | High |
| SEDI ROCKS- Sands form in _________energy environments | Moderate |
| SEDI ROCKS- Muds form in _________energy environments | Low |
| SEDI ROCKS- Sandstones tend to form in higher flow energy environments than the environment in which a mudstone would form? True or false? | True |
| SEDI ROCKS- What are the 4 main terrestrial depositional environments? | Mountain streams, Glacial, Rivers, Lakes |
| SEDI ROCKS- Mountain streams are characterized by ______ energy, _______ sorting. Lithology: __________ if in stream and, _______ or _______ if around a stream | High, some/medium, conglomerates, breccia, arkose |
| SEDI ROCKS- Glacial environments are characterized by ________ energy, ________ texture (poor sorting, reactive and angular). Lithology: ____________ | High, immature, diamictite |
| SEDI ROCKS- Rivers and floodplains are characterized by _______ energy in channels to ________ on floodplains, _______texture. Lithology: __________ in channels. _________ and _______ on floodplains | Moderate, low, Moderate maturity, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones. |
| SEDI ROCKS- Lakes are characterized by _______ energy being _______ by the shore and _________ on the middle. Lithologies: Sandstones, mudstones, tufas, cherts, halites. | variable, moderate, low. |
| SEDI ROCKS- What are the 2 main transitional depositional environments? | Beaches and swamps |
| SEDI ROCKS- Beaches are characterized by _______ energy, _______ texture (well rounded and well _______). Lithology: ___________ and conglomerates | moderate, mature, sorted, sandstones |
| SEDI ROCKS- Swamps are characterized by _______ energy. Lithology: _____ and sometimes mudstone | Very low, coal. |
| SEDI ROCKS- What are the 3 main marine depositional environments? | shallow marine with clastic flux, shallow marine with low/no clastic flux, deep marine. |
| SEDI ROCKS- Shallow marine with clastic flux is characterized by _____ energy. Lithology: _______ by the shore, and mustones/ shales far from the shore | low, siltsones |
| SEDI ROCKS- Shallow marine with low/no clastic flux is characterized by _____ energy, ______ marine life with carbonate shells. Lithologies: limestones and ________. | low, abundant/lot, dolostones. |
| SEDI ROCKS- Deep marine is characterized by _____ energy. Lithologies: mustones, black shale, ______(muds) and chert | very low, limestones |
| DEPO ENVIRON- Ripple Structures In Sandstone can Indicate Flow Directions. True or false? | True |
| DEPO ENVIRON-What are the types of ripples that can be seen on sandstone? What makes them different? | Current ripple (one direction) and wave ripple (back and forth- ripples are simmetrical) |
| DEPO ENVIRON-Mudcrack Structures In Mudstones can Indicate That Deposited Muds Dried Out In The Sun Before Lithification (el mud con grietas). True or false? | True |
| DEPO ENVIRON- Many mudstones and shales can have fossils in them. True or false? | True |
| DEPO ENVIRON- If I find a sandstone with symmetric ripple structures in it, then in which of the following environments did that sandstone most likely form? Beach, channel of a meandering river, flodplain, shallow marine environment with low/no clastic fl | Beach |
| DEPO ENVIRON- When the sea level rises (transgressions), the environments more towards the _____ | land/ landward |
| DEPO ENVIRON- When the sea level falls (regressions), the environments move _______ | seaward |
| DEPO ENVIRON- The normal order of the 4 depositional environments is ...... | Swamp, beach, shallow marine, deep marine |
| ROCKS- Relative age is... | which event/layer is older vs. younger |
| ROCKS- Absolute age is... | number of years since an event/layer formed. Amount of time that has elapsed since an event occurred / layer formed. This one says concrete numbers |
| RELA. AGE- Uniformitarism establishes that.... | Earth/environmental processes happening today also happened in the past (at similar rates) "the present is the key to the past" |
| RELA. AGE- Principle of superposition.... | younger sediments are deposited on older materials |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Cross-Cutting R... | rocks cut by dikes/faults must be older than the dike/fault that is doing the cross cutting (la roca que atraviesa verticalmente a otras rocas es mas joven que las otras rocas que atraviesa) |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Original Horizontality | sediments are deposited (and lithify) in horizontal sheets (los sediments caen horizontalmente, ya luego es cuando se riegan y se deforman/desorganizan) |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Lateral Continuity | sedimentary rock form as continuous [horizontal] sheets. Nearby rock layers of same lithology and at same same elevations formed at the same time, this serves to correlate rocks |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Baked Contact | if a magma intrudes into older rocks, its heat can ‘bake’ the older rocks. Any ‘baked’ rocks are older than the [igneous] rock that did the ‘baking. CUalquier roca que este quemada es porque ya estaba ahi cuando el magma llego y por eso se quemo |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Inclusions | when a magma intrudes into older rocks, it can break of pieces of the older rock, ‘including’ it into the younger [igneous] rock. Cuanto el magma afecta otras rocas puede quitar partes de las rocas que ya estaban ahi y mezclarlas dentro de si mismo. |
| RELA. AGE-Principles of Fossil Succession | fossils typically ‘occupy’ a restricted range of time in Earth’s history (serve as a way to correlate layers) |
| MISSING TIME- Unconformities Mark ‘Missing Time’ In The Rock Record. True or false? | True |
| MISSING TIME- What are the 3 main types of unconformities? | Angular unconformity, disconformity, nonconformity |
| MISSING TIME- Angular unconformity... | Younger Sedimentary Rock(s) Sitting Atop OldDeformed Sedimentary Rock(s). The younger rock at a different angle /, and the older rock is tipping upward. Habian sedimentos/rocas antes, pero la deformacion de la montana y erosion se llevo una parte. ANGULO/ |
| MISSING TIME-Disconformity | Younger Sedimentary Rock(s) Sitting Atop Older Sedimentary Rock(s) At SAME Orientation |
| MISSING TIME- Nonconformity | Younger Sedimentary Rock(s) Sitting Atop Older Igneous or Metamorphic Rock(s). Like granite, basalt, Obsidian, Marble, Quartzite, GNEISS.... |
| MISSING TIME- The configuration of surface materials through much of the northern midwest is an example of... (Angular Unconformity/ Disconformity), or nonconformity? | Angular Unconformity/ Disconformity |
| CORREL. OUTCR- lithologic correlation | extension of principle of lateral continuity to a broader region (aligning like rock types) |
| CORREL. OUTCR-fossil correlation | correlate outcrops using fossils of organisms that were globally abundant but only lived for a short period of time (‘index fossils’). CAN work for outcrops/rock cores that formed very far away |
| ROCK CYC- Plate tectonics plays a role in recycling Earth's rocky material to balance the loss caused by erosion so we don't run out of rocky material. True or false? | True |
| ROCK CYC- What are the 5 reservoirs? | Igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, molten rocks (magma/lava), sediments |
| ROCK CYC- What are the 5 flows/interactions? | Freezing and crystallization, melting, heating and pressure, weathering + erosion + deposition, compaction + cementation |
| ROCK CYC- How many interactions take place in the rock cycle in total? | 12 |
| ROCK CYC- The biggest reservoirs are... | Molten rock 1M and Igneous rocks 2000 |
| ROCK CYC- The component with longest residence time.... | Molten rocks 400k and Igneous Rocks >900 |
| ROCK CYC- The component with shortest residence time.... | Sediments 20.8 and Sedimentary rocks 27.8 |
| CRYO MASSB- Glaciers mass balance increases when glacier advance and acumulation are ________than ablation (flows out) (greater/lower) POSITIVE MASS BALANCE | greater |
| CRYO MASSB- Glaciers mass balance decreases when glacier advance and accumulation are ______than ablation (flows out)(greater/lower) NEGATIVE MASS BALANCE | lower |
| CRYO MASSB- Glaciers loose mass (ablate) through 4 processes.... | Sublimation, Melting, Calving, Mass transport |
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Majoosuna
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