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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The change of traits in a species over successive generations. |
| Antibiotic resistant bacteria | Bacteria that are unaffected by antibiotics due to a mutation that makes them resistant. Example of rapid evolution. |
| Common ancestor | The organism from which different species of organisms evolved. |
| Charles Darwin | British scientists who lived during the 1800s. He believed organisms evolved by a process called natural selection. |
| The Theory of Natural Selection | a mechanism of evolution where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to future generations, leading to the gradual adaptation of populations over time |
| Survival of the Fittest | the natural selection process where organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits. |
| Variation | the differences in characteristics, traits, or genetic makeup among individuals within a species or between different species, arising from genetic and/or environmental factors. Necessary for evolution |
| Diversity | the variety of life on Earth, encompassing the variety of species, genetic variation within species, and the variety of ecosystems. Necessary for the survival of life |
| Competition | The struggle between individuals of the same species (or different) species for resources such as space (territory), water, air, mates |
| Biological Fitness | The ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. |
| Adaptations | a trait or characteristic that is inherited and enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment, resulting from natural selection over generations |
| Genes | Segments of DNA that code for traits |
| Genetic Variations | Differences or variations in the genes of species |
| Recombination (Sexual Reproduction) | During sexual reproduction, DNA from two different parents is divided and recombined to form a unique combination of DNA in an offspring |
| Mutations | A change in the DNA code that causes changes in traits. |
| Biodiversity | The variety of living things on Earth. Leads to stability in the ecosystems on Earth |
| Fossil | The preserved remains of a once living organism. Can be an entire organism, part of the organism, or an impression of the organism. A piece of evidence for evolution as they help us study what life was like in the past. |
| Ancient organism remains | Fossils of very old organisms that existed millions of years ago. |
| Embryology | The study of embryos |
| Embryo | An unborn organism in its earlies phase of development |
| Comparative embryology | A branch of embryology that compares and contrasts different organisms. Is evidence of evolution and can show that organisms of very different species can go through similar stages of development. |
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of a plant or animal. Human anatomy includes the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the body and how they are organized in the body. |
| Comparative anatomy | A branch of anatomy where scientists compare the structures of different species. Can look at homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. |
| Homologous structures | Structures that look the same but have different functions (same parts, different functions). These structures imply an evolutionary relationship between species (closely related) |
| Analogous structures | Structures possessed by different species that are adapted to perform the same function (different parts, same function)These structures do NOT imply an evolutionary relationship. |
| Vestigial structures | Structures within an organism that are functionless (have no job). They can be the remnants of once functioning structures. These structures imply an evolutionary relationship (divergence for species in the past). Ex appendix & tailbone |
| Fossil record | An account of all organisms that have existed on Earth and when they lived. Based on fossils that have been found. Helps to show how living things have evolved on Earth. |
| Limitations of fossil record | The fossil record does not include every organisms that has every lived. Organisms are rarely preserved as fossils. So there are gaps in the fossil record. |
| Fossilization | The process of fossils forming. It is a rare event because it requires specific conditions. |
| Transitional species | Organisms that show a transition form one species to another. Often missing from the fossil record because they usually appear in small populations. |
| Mutations | A permanent change in the DNA sequence. Can be at the gene level (DNA nucleotides) or chromosomal level |
| Molecular Clock | Term DNA is often referred to because mutations build up at a pretty constant rate. DNA can help us determine when speciation occurs. |
| Speciation | The formation of a new species |
| Phylogenetic tree | A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between species. Shows how differ |
| Extinction | The end of a species. All organisms in the species have died out. |
| Endangered species | Species that are at risk of becoming extinct. They are likely to become extinct if action is not taken to protect them. |
| Threatened species | Species that are in danger of becoming endangered. Threatened species are declining and if action is not taken, they can become endangered. |
| Invasive species | Organisms introduced to a non-native habitat. Can take over resources in the environment. |
| Artificial selection | Also called selective breeding. The process by which humans intentionally select plants or animals with desirable traits and then purposely breed the organisms to produce more organisms with favorable traits. |
| Genetic Drift | A change in the genetic makeup of a population due to a random chance event |
| Gene Flow | A mechanism of evolution where genes move between populations, impacting the genetic makeup in a population. |
| Population | A group of the same species with the ability to evolve over time |
| Biogeography | The study of how organisms are distributed geographically |
| Gene pool | All the genes and their different forms in a population. |
| Bottleneck effect | Occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size due to a random catastrophic event, leading to a significant loss of genetic diversity |
| Founder effect | A type of genetic drift that involves small groups of organisms separating from a larger population and forming small, new colonies in a different geographic area. |
| Common descent with modification | The concept that different species, both living and extinct, share an ancient common ancestor and have evolved over time with slight modifications. |
| The origin of species | Book written by Darwin that explains how species evolve over time through the process of natural selection. |
| Scientific Theory | Explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence, observations, experiments, and logical reasoning. |
| Isolation | the separation of a species from another species or from its environment. Isolation can lead to the evolution of new species |
| Allopatric speciation | a mode of speciation where a population becomes geographically isolated, leading to the evolution of distinct species due to the absence of gene flow between the isolated populations. |
| Sympatric speciation | the evolutionary process where new species arise from a single ancestral species within the same geographic area, without physical barriers, often driven by factors like behavioral isolation, habitat isolation, and temporal isolation. |
| Habitat isolation | is a form of reproductive isolation, in which reproduction between two populations (generally two species that are capable of interbreeding) is restricted because each population occupies a different habitat. |
| Behavioral isolation | when species are reproductively isolated from others due to differences in behavior |
| Temporal isolation | occurs when species breed or reproduce at different times of day, season, or year, even if they inhabit the same area, preventing them from interbreeding. |
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