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GEOS 2202 Exam Two
Fairmont State University Geosphere Exam Two Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Volcanoes | a vent on Earth's crust that erupts hot lava, ash and gas |
| Lava | molten rock from the mantle that reaches the Earth |
| Magma | molten rock from the mantle within the Earth |
| What three things come out of a volcano? | lava, pyroclastic debris, gases |
| Pyroclastic Debris | volcano bombs that eject from a volcano, lava flow and pyroclastic flow |
| What are the two textures of basaltic lava? | AA and pahoehoe |
| AA Texture | blocky, moves slow and is viscous |
| Pahoehoe Texture | ropey appearance and texture, flows better and is less viscous |
| During the final stages of flow, you often get _____. | columnar jointing |
| Columnar Jointing | hexagonal shape pieces of granite, basalt and igneous rock caused by cooling and contracting |
| What are the three types/components of pyroclastic flows? | nuee ardent, lahar, volcanic gases |
| Nuee Ardent | very fast paced pyroclastic flow which gives the flow its glowing appearance |
| Lahar | mudflow of mixed water and tephra |
| Volcanic Gases | comes out of eruptions and are made of carbon monoxide water and sulfur dioxide |
| What volcanic gases come from volcanoes? | H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S |
| What are the diatomic molecules? | H2, O2, F2, Br2, I2, N2, Cl2 |
| Stratovolcanoes | classic volcano, built from alternate layers of ash and lava, has small craters from pyroclastic bombs, pointy v shape, viscous lava |
| Shield Volcanoes | broad with a shallow cone, layers of only lava, less viscous, not as explosive upon eruption |
| Cinder Cone | throws lava and ash into the air, cone shaped piles of tephra and pyroclastic debris |
| Calderas | older volcano with a large crater and smaller craters, built from ash and lava, ash cloud settles and makes the volcano collapse |
| Lava Dome | new volcano forms inside previously erupted volcano |
| Pressure | force per unit area |
| What is the formula for pressure? | pressure (n/m^2) = force (N) / area (m^2) |
| Volume | amount of space occupied by matter |
| If you decrease volume, you _____ pressure. | increase |
| If you increase volume, you _____ pressure. | decrease |
| Temperatuer | average kinetic energy of molecules in a sample |
| Charles's Law Formula | V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 |
| What is the relationship in Charles's Law? | volume and temperature |
| What stays constant in Charles's Law? | pressure and number of particles |
| Boyle's Law Formula | P1V1 = P2V2 |
| What is the relationship in Boyle's Law? | pressure and volume |
| What stays constant in Boyle's Law? | volume and number of particles |
| Combined Gas Law | (P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2 |
| What is the relationship in the Combined Gas Law? | pressure volume and temperature |
| What stays constant in the Combined Gas Law? | number of particles |
| Ideal Gas Law Formula | PV=nRT |
| The more gas in magma, the _____ explosive the volcano will be. | more |
| What are the elements in the universe? | H (36%), He (36%), other (4%) |
| What are the elements in Earth? | O (47%), Si (28%), other (25%) |
| What composes the majority of the rocks in the continental crust? | silicate materials |
| What is the formula for a single silicate? | [SiO4]4- |
| What shape is a single silicate? | tetrahedron |
| What are the elements in humans? | O (65%), C (18%), H (10%), other (7%) |
| Atoms | smallest particle of an element that retains element properties |
| What are the basic building blocks of all things? | atoms |
| What are atoms made of? | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Elements | a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form |
| Molecules | a group of bonding atoms that act as a unit |
| Compounds | chemical combination of two or more different elements |
| Isotopes | atoms with differing number of neutrons |
| Ions | electrically charged particles with uneven protons and electrons |
| Covalent Bond | sharing outside electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship |
| Double Bond | two covalent bonds |
| Valence Electrons | electrons on the outermost layer of a model |
| Who created the first periodic table? | Dimitri Mendeleev |
| How did Mendeleev organize the periodic table? | he noticed patterns between elements properties |
| What is the atomic number trend? | increases down and to the right |
| What is the atomic mass trend? | increases down and to the right |
| What is the size trend? | increases down and to the left |
| Why does size increase as you go to the bottom left of the periodic table? | electron shielding |
| Electron Shielding | the larger you are, the more electrons around the outer later, the stronger the repel of the electrons is |
| What are the prefixes for molecular compound naming? | mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca |
| What are two characteristics of covalent bonds we saw in class? | they melt fast and are insoluable |
| What are two characteristics of ionic bonds we saw in class? | they melt slow and are soluable |
| Octet Rule | atoms like 8 electrons in their outer shell |
| Covalent Bonds | a bond resulting in the sharing of electrons between two atoms |
| Are covalent bonds strong or weak? | strong |
| Metallic Bonds | a bond in which electrons move through a metal lattice, makes a good conductor |
| Hydrogen Bonds | a bond in which hydrogen is attracted to other polar molecules |
| Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak? | weak because it is just an attraction |
| Ionic Bonds | a bond resulting in the gain or loss of electrons |
| What are the stages to calculating molecular masses? | write the symbol, write the number of atoms, record atomic masses, multiply mass by atoms, add together. unit is amu |
| What are the qualities to be considered a mineral? | solid, nonliving/inorganic, naturally occurring, definite chemical composition, crystal pattern |
| Color (mineral property) | the color of the actual mineral caused by the absorption and reflection of light |
| Streak (mineral property) | the color of the powder seen by dragging the mineral over the porcelain plate |
| Hardness (mineral property) | a mineral's resistance to scratching, on a scale of 1-10 |
| Cleavage (mineral property) | tendency of a mineral to break in smooth planar substances |
| Fracture (mineral property) | irregular or uneven breakage |
| Heft (mineral property) | the subjective feeling of weight or heaviness of a mineral; specific gravity |
| Luster (mineral property) | the interaction of light (soft, gloss, metallic, dull, pearly) |
| Magnetism (mineral property) | the ability of a mineral to be affected by magnetic fields |
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haileyjordan91
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