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Zoology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tapeworm Phylum and Class | Platyhelminthes, Cestoda |
| What is Homeostasis? | Regulates chemistry of body fluids. |
| Intermediate Host | Host that harbors a young, non-reproducing parasite. |
| Ascaris | Roundworm that we dissected in class |
| 4 major features of mollusks | Shell, foot, mantle, visceral mass |
| Traits of Cephalopoda (Examples?) | Foot modified into tentacles, shell reduced, prominent head with developed eyes, closed circulatory system. (Squids, Octopi, nautiluses) |
| Traits of Polyplacophora (Examples?) | Dorsal shell consists of 8 overlapping plates, ventral body with head-foot. (Chitons) |
| Traits of bivalvia (Examples?) | Two-part hinged shell, reduced head, marine or freshwater filter feeders. (Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops) |
| Traits of Gastropoda (Examples?) | Well developed head with eyes and tentacles, body undergoes torsion during development. (Snails, Slugs, nudibranchs) |
| Roundworm life cycle and how many hosts? | Human has worms which lay eggs, human poops out eggs which duplicate, eggs hatch and larvae comes out, larvae are then swallowed by humans. (1 host) |
| Liver fluke life cycle and # of hosts | Adult fluke mates in liver laying eggs, egg is pooped out and eaten by a snail and hatches, snail poops out cercaria (hatched egg) which make their way to a water source and into a fish, fish is eaten and is now back in liver. (3 hosts) |
| What is a definitive host? | Host carrying an adult parasite that can sexually reproduce. |
| Fluke Phylum and class | Platyhelminthes, Trematoda |
| What happens in the small intestine? | Digestion and absorption of nutrients. |
| Umbo | The oldest, most central part of a bivalve shell |
| Cestoda life cycle and how many hosts? | Human eats undercooked beef and gets tapeworms (cestoda), Cestoda lay eggs in intestine and are pooped out, eggs end up in grass that cow eats, eggs encryst in muscle, cow is killed and eaten. (2 Hosts) |
| Planarian phylum and class | Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria |
| Cardiac tissue | Used to pump fluids (e.g. hearts) |
| Choanacytes | Specialized cells in a sponge which create a current to bring things in a sponge. |
| Hypotonic organism | Higher concentration outside organism and lower inside. |
| Hypertonic Organism | Lower concentration outside organism, higher inside. |
| Smooth tissue | Surrounds tubes (e.g. gut, blood vessels, pipes) |
| Amoebocytes | Specialized cells in sponge used for reproduction and/or creating collagen |
| 3 types of spicules | Needle, fiberous, 6 ray’d |
| Anthozoa | Anemones and corals |
| Pinacocytes | Specialized cells in a sponge which control the openings and change shape of ostium |
| Skeletal tissue | Attaches and moves skeletal elements |
| Isotonic organism | Equal concentration inside and outside of organism |
| Earthworm (lumbricus) digestion order | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus |
| 3 distinguishing features of annelids | Segmentation/metamersion, setae, and worm shaped |
| -ptera | Wing |
| Halteres | Balancing organs |
| Collembola | Springtails; found in forest soils |
| Thysaneura | Silverfish; found in dark places |
| Ephemeroptera | Mayflies; stream prey |
| Odonata | Dragonflies, damselflies; carnivorous |
| Orthoptera | Crickets, grasshoppers; crop pests |
| Dermaptera | Earwigs |
| Isoptera | Termites; eat wood, social creatures |
| Thysanoptera | Thrips; crop pests |
| Hemiptera | True bugs; some wingless |
| Homoptera | Aphids, cicadas; plant pests, asexual reproduction |
| Coleoptera | Beetles; leathery wings, specious |
| Lepidoptera | Butterflies, moths |
| Diptera | Flies, mosquitoes; 1 pair of wings |
| Trichoptera | Caddisflies; stream prey |
| Siphonaptera | Fleas |
| Hymenoptera | Bees, ants, wasps; pollinators, social creatures |
| As size increases, s/v ratio... | decreases |
| As size decreases, s/v ratio... | increases |
| Why become multicellular? | increases s/v ratio |
| Where does blood travel in a closed circulatory system | Heart - Artery - Arterials - Capillary bed - Venues - Veins - Heart |
| 4 Respiratory pigments | hemoglobin, hemocyanin, hemorythrin, chlorocruorin |
| 3 steps of animal respiration | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| animal respiration | C6H12O6+O2 becomes CO2+H2O+ATP |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | O2 required to live |
| General Diffusion Equation | R=KA (ΔP/d) |
| Tagmosis | fusing of segmentation |
| Ecdysis | Molting |
| Homomerous | no tagmosis |
| Chelicerata | Spiders, scorpions, ticks, etc |
| Crustacea | Crab, shrimp, lobster, barnacles, etc |
| Hexapoda | insects |
| sodium-potassium pump | membrane-bound protein that maintains and restores the neuron’s resting state |
| lateral line | detects pressure waves in water for aquatic fishes and amphibians |
| Stobila | Stacked individuals of some organisms |
| Turbellaria | Planaria |
| Trematoda | Flukes |
| Cestoda | Tapeworms |
| tegument | tough skin |
| Annelida | Segmented worms |
| Polychaeta | Nereis or Sandworm |
| Clitellata | Free-living freshwater worms |
| Oligochaeta | Lumbricus or Earthworm |
| Arthropoda subphylums | Trilobita, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda |
| Subphylum Chelicerata Classes | Merostomata, Arachnida |
| Subphylum Crustacea Classes | Malacostraca |
| Lophotrochozoa | Animals with trochophore larva (sister group to ecdysozoa) |
| Ecdysozoa | molting organisms |
| What two categories within Protostomes have we looked at? What defines them? | Lophotrochozoa (having trochophore larva stage), and Ecdysozoa (the molters) |
| Name three levels of nervous systems from least to most complex, and examples of animals that have each | Nerve network (ie hydra), ladderlike system (ie planarian), nerve cord (ie earthworm) |
| Name the three sensory processes, with an example of each | Chemosensory (ex. smell, taste); Mechanosensory (ex. touch, hearing); Electromagnetic/Photosensory (ex. sight) |
| Of the classes we've studied, which are deuterostomes? | Chordata and Echinodermata |
| What group do protostomes and deuterostomes belong to? | Bilateria |
| Of the phyla we've studied, which 3 phyla are acoelomate? Pseudocoelomate? | Acoelomate: Porifera, Cnidaria, "platyhelminthes" Pseudocoelomate: nematoda |
| Of the phyla we've studied, which 2 have an incomplete gut? | Cnidaria, "platyhelminthes" |
| Of the phyla we've studied, which 2 phyla have a respiratory system? | Arthropoda, Echinodermata |
| Of the phyla we've studied, which 2 do not have an excretory system? | Cnidaria, Porifera |
| Of the phyla we've studied, which do not have a circulatory system? | Porifera, Cnidaria, "platyhelminthes", nematoda |
| How many hosts do each of the following parasites have in their life cycle: Tapeworms, Liver Flukes, Nematodes | Tapeworms=2, Liver Flukes=3, Nematodes=1 |
| Under what circumstances might an animal not need a circulatory system? What are some examples? | If it is aqueous, holey, gelatinous, or flat (ex. porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes) |
| What are the two types of circulatory systems? Describe them. | Open (hemolymph is pumped into the hemocoel, and when the heart relaxes, the fluid returns to it through the ostia) Closed (closed pipe system and blood) |
| What are respiratory pigments? | Molecules that covalently bond O2 + CO2, which increases the solute concentration gradient between compartments in the body |
| Name and describe the three types of metamorphosis in insects. | Ametabolous (no drastic change), Hemimetabolous (intermediate nymph stage), Holometabolous (drastic change-- intermediate larva and pupa) |
| Name the 4 steps of the digestive process | Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| What two important proteins are involved in the nervous system? | The sodium-potassium pump, and the voltage gated sodium channel |
| Name four features of the neuron, from receiving end to delivery end. | Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal |
| What are the CNS and PNS? | Central nervous system-- brain/ganglion and nerve cord Peripheral nervous system-- motor and sensory nerves throughout body |
| What do hormones trigger in insects | metamorphosis |
| 3 components of endocrine and immune systems | Endocrine glands, hormones, and responsive target tissues. |
| 2 main types of endocrine and immune systems | proteins/peptides and steroids |
| Tinbergins 4 questions | Causation, Survival value/function, Ontogeny/development, Evolution |
| Tinbergins Causation question | Both proximate and ultimate causation. What causes these behaviors? |
| Tinbergins Survival value/function question | What role does it play in the life of the animal? |
| Tinbergins Ontogeny/development question | How does behavior differ in different stages in animal life as it matures? |
| Tinbergins Evolution question | How do behaviors change throughout evolution of the animal. |
| Proximate Causation | physiological reasoning of doing something (irritation causes you to itch arm) |
| Ultimate causation | the want to do something due to environmental factors (change in season causes birds to migrate, cold causes animals to huddle together, etc.) |
| Uniramous vs biramous | Uniramous describes an appendage (like a leg) that consists of a single branch. Biramous describes an appendage that splits into 2 branches. |
Created by:
BioloG
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